Bien que nos résultats demandent parfois confirmation du fait de certains effectifs faibles, il apparaît probable que le déclenchement de la dispersion répond à des causes multiples. Chez les mâles, les causes endogènes semblent prépondérantes. Linfluence des dominants est réduite, même si nous ne pouvons totalement ignorer la dispersion de certains subordonnés particulièrement agressés. Les coûts métaboliques associés au réchauffement des marmottons pendant lhiver et/ou la mise en place de la maturité sexuelle et la forte activité endocrine pourraient constituer un stimulus déclencheur du départ. Chez les femelles, un déséquilibre relationnel avec la dominante semble promouvoir leur départ. Contrairement aux mâles, leur patron de dispersion serait donc davantage fonction de paramètres exogènes.
Mots clés : Marmotte alpine, Dispersion natale, Facteurs proximaux, Relations socio-spatiales, Masse corporelle, Testostéronémie.
The natal dispersal of Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota): temporal pattern and the influence of some proximal factors.
According to Greenwood (1982) natal dispersal is the departure from the birth site of an individual before it had reproduced. Natal dispersal is of great importance for population biology but its causes are still discussed. In the Alpine marmot, we studied temporal patterning of the dispersal and tested the role of some proximal factors in the departure decision.
As in most of the monogamous mammals, no sexual bias was observed in dispersal pattern. Dispersal occurred at 2 or 3 years of age, but the probability to disperse when 2 years old was higher for males. For all sexes, dispersion occurred mostly on May or July in 2-years-old marmots and on early spring in older ones. About one third of the studied marmots settled on or near of their birth sites. Probabilities to disperse when 2-years-old were higher when juveniles were present during winter, whereas the birth of a litter in summer had no effect. When dominant male was replaced, dispersal probability of subordinate males increased but decreased in females, even if they had hibernate with juveniles. Female dispersal seemed to occur when relationships with dominant female were unbalanced. We observed no body weight differences between dispersers and non dispersers. In males older than two years and some of 2-years-old males, blood amount of testosterone were higher in dispersers than in non-dispersers.
Our results must be validated on greater samples. For males, endogenous factors, i.e. metabolic costs due to social thermoregulation when juveniles were present during hibernation and/or sexual endocrine maturation, may cause dispersal. For females, relationships with the dominant female may cause their departure.
Key words: Alpine marmot, natal dispersal, proximal factors, socio-spatial interrelations, body mass, testosteronemia.
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