Bibliographie Marmotte / Marmot Bibliography S

ƒ Bibliographie Marmotte / Marmot Bibliography S Bibliographia Marmotarum. Ramousse R., International Marmot Network, Lyon, 1997.
ISBN : 2-9509900-2-9
Copyright 1997. Édition Réseau International sur les marmottes/ International Marmot Network Publisher
Traduction anglais - français / English - French translation: R. Ramousse
Traduction russe - français / Russian - French translation: Y. Semenov

LETTRE S LETTER

Mise à jour le 05/10/07 Updated

Si vous avez connaissances de références bibliographiques absentes de cette liste,
ou si vous avez une version pdf, ayez l'amabilité de me les communiquer.
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or if a pdf version is available, please send them to me..

Sabaneev K.L. 1904. Okhota na tarbaganov v Zabaïkalie. Okhotnitchii vestnik, 24.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, Transbaïkalie.

Sabatier B. 1989. Les parasites de la marmotte alpine : Étude dans les Alpes françaises et synthèse bibliographique [Parasites of the alpine marmot: a study in the French Alps and bibliographic synthesis]. Thèse vétérinaire, Lyon, pp. 178.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Alpes, France.

Sabine J. 1822. Account of the Marmots of North America hiteherto known, with notices and descriptions of three new species [Description des marmottes d'Amérique du Nord déjà connue et notes et descriptions de trois nouvelles espèces]. Transact. Linn. Soc., London, 13 : 579-591.
En anglais, in English.
Marmotte, marmot, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Sabine J. 1823. Account of the Marmots of North America hitherto known, with notices and descriptions of three new species [Description des marmottes d'Amérique du Nord déjà connue et notes et descriptions de trois nouvelles espèces]. Isis, 1330-1335.
En anglais, in English.
Marmotte, marmot, Amérique du Nord, North America.

Sabine 1824. Sur trois nouvelles espèces de marmottes de l’Amérique du nord About three new speceis of marmots from North America]. In Archives des découvertes et des inventions nouvelles- faites dans les sciences, les arts et les manufactures tant en France que dans les pays étrangers pendant l’année 1823, 33-34.
En français, in French.
Arctomys franklinii,Arctomys richardsonii, Arctomys hoodi.Extrait pdf extract
Saboureau M. 1992. Endocrinologie, cycle physiologiques chez la marmotte alpine [Endocrinologie, physiologic cycle in the alpine marmot]. Actes Journée d'étude de la marmotte Alpine, 89-94.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, physiologie, physiology.

Saboureau M. & Lacroix A. 1994. Profil endocrine chez la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota). Seasonal endocrine profiles in the alpine marmot (M. marmota). Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 126-127.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, physiologie, physiology, endocrinologie, endocrinology, rythme, rhythm, France.

The seasonal cycles of body mass, hibernation, reproduction and thyroïd function were studied in Alpine marmots maintained in outdoor enclosures, in Western France (C.E.B. Chizé [46 07'N, 0 25'W]). Plasma hormone concentrations (sexual steroids, LH, thyroxine) were measured mensually by radioimmunoassays. In adult marmots, a clear seasonal body mass cycle was observed with a maximum in early autumn (increase: 27-43 %) and a minimum in April (loss: 15-21%). The hibernating period occurred from November to mid-March. In the male, plasma testosterone concentrations were high (>0.8 ng/ml) from March to June-July and low (<0.4 ng/ml) from August to February. A short peak of LH occurred during the testicular recrudescence. In femelles, the absence of oestradiol and progesterone variations led us to the hypothesis of an induced ovulation. In both sexes, thyroxinemia was maximum from the end of spring to mid-autumn (140-l60 ng/ml) and decreased from early winter until April (110 ng/ml). The regular seasonal cycles, observed in captive marmots, seems to be consistent with the data available at the present time in the alpine habitat, and are essential for next investigations.

Sacc M. 1858. Note sur la marmotte des Alpes (Arctomys marmota). [Note on the alpine marmot (A. marmota). Revue et magasin de zoologie, 10(2): 337-346.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, éthologie, ethology, économie, economy, Suisse.

Sacc 1872. Études sur les Marmottes [Studies on marmots]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 75 : 1839-1840.
En français, in French.
pdf
Physiologie, physiology, urine.

Sacc & Valentin. Constatation de l'augmentation de poids de certaines marmottes en état de jeûne hivernal. [Évidence of weight increase of some marmots in winter fasting].
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, hibernation, masse, mass.

Sacc dit que pendant huit années qu'on duré ses observations, il n'a pu saisir un rapport quelconque entre la léthargie hivernale des Marmottes et l'état de l'atmosphère, mais il y en a un frappant entre l'intensité de la léthargie et la richesse en graisse, car le sommeil des Marmottes maigres est bien moins profond et soutenu que celui des Marmottes grasses. Leur poids ne diminue guère pendant le sommeil que de 2 à 3 grammes par jour, de sorte que grasses en automne, elles se réveillent encore bien en chair au commencement de l'été. Dans les terriers, elles se couvrent de foin, et dorment la tête entre les jambes de derrière, étendues de chaque côté de celles-ci, de telle sorte que le nez touche au nombril. La queue est repliée sur le nez ; les jambes de devant sont repliées sur celles de derrière. Le tout est recouvert en partie par un large pli de la peau, rembourré de graisse. Il croit que leur température s'abaisse au-dessous du milieu ambiant et qu'elles ne rendent jamais de matières fécales solides, pendant le sommeil. Il a vu battre trois heures le coeur d'une Marmotte décapitée. Sacc décrit ce réveil assez incomplètement, mais remarque que "le sommeil prend le corps dans un sens opposé à celui du réveil, c'est-à-dire que, commençant par le train de derrière, il finit par la tête. Il croit que le poids augmente lentement jusqu'au moment où la Marmotte se réveille pour uriner, ce qui tiendrait à une fixation d'oxygène. Pour Sacc, le sommeil hivernal n'est produit que par la fatigue et l'obésité, comme celui des serpents chargés de graisse ou des bestiaux gras. Appendice, Dubois, 1896.

Safonova A.D. & Nekipelov N.V. 1975. Epidemiologitcheskaya razvedka na tchoumou v raïone oz. Khoubougoul [Reconnaissance épidémiologique de la peste dans la région du lac Khoubougoul. Epidemiologic recognition of plague in the Khubugul region]. V kn. Mejdounarodnye i natsional'nye aspekty epidnadzora pri tchoume, Irkoutsk, 1.
En russe, in Russian.
Épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Safonova A.D. & Saran M. 1974. Itogi sovmestnoï protivotchoumnoï raboty na granitse SSSR i Mongol'skoï Narodnoï Respoubliki [Résultats des travaux de coopération contre la peste sur la frontière de l'URSS et de la RPM. Results of cooperative works against plague on the URSS and PRM border]. Dokl. Irkout. protivotchoumn. in-ta, 10.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, URSS, USSR, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Sagault & Ash J. 2001. La marmotte qui ne voulait pas siffler [The marmot which would not whistle]. Éd. de l'Envol, Forcalquier.
En français, in French.

Sage Bryan 1986. The arctic and its wildlife [L'arctic et sa faune sauvage]. Facts on File.
Marmota broweri, Marmota camtschatica.

Sagimbezhov U.A. & Rapoport L.P.1985. [Données sur les caractéristiques épizootiques des zones périphériques du Nord et de l'est du Tien Chan. Data on the epizootic characteristics of peripherial areas of North and West Tian Shan]. In Actual questions of epidemiological supervision in plague foci, Stavropol, 185-188.
En russe, in Russian.
É,pizootie, epizooty, Russie, Russia, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Sahni A. & Kumar V. 1974. Palaeogene palaeogeography of the Indian subcontinent [Paléogéographie du Paléogène du sous-continent Indien]. Palaeogeog., Palaeooec., 15: 209-226.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Tertiaire, Tertiary, Inde, India.

Sahu G.K., Tai P.C., Chatterjee S.B., Lin M.H., Tennant B., Gerin J. & Shih C. 2002. Out-of-frame versus in-frame core internal deletion variants of human and woodchuck hepatitis B viruses. Virology, 292(1):35-43.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite, hepatitis.

Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) variants containing in-frame core internal deletion (CID) have been demonstrated to contain all the functional features of defective interfering (DI) particles (Yuan T.T.-T., M.-H. Lin, D.S. Chen & C. Shih 1998, J. Virol., 72, 578-584). Here, we report that out-of-frame HBV CID variants exhibit defective interfering property similar to in-frame CID variants characterized previously. This result raises the possibility that it may be the deleted pregenomic RNA product, rather than the deleted core protein product, that is responsible for interference. Furthermore, a genomic deletion elsewhere does not cause interference since preS2 deletion variants exhibit no influence on wild-type HBV replication. Consistent with the natural occurrence of HBV CID variants, we recently identified CID variants of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) in natural infection. However, unlike HBV CID variants, functional characterization of WHV CID variants using a human hepatoma cell line has not revealed any interference in tissue culture. In summary, defective interference is a general phenomenon for both in-frame and out-of-frame HBV CID variants.

Saidov A.S. 2002. Modern state of marmot populations in Tajikistan. Etat actuel des populations de marmottes au Tadjikistan. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 114-115.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota caudata, Marmota menzbieri, range, aire de distributiont, reintroduction, réintroduction, Tajikistan, Tadjikistan, Uzbekistan, Ouzbékistan.

Saidov A.S. 2005. Population structure of long-tailed marmot (Marmota caudata Geoffroy) on Pamir. Strouktoura naseleniya krasnogo sourka (Marmota caudata Geoffroy) na pamire. [Stucture de la population de la marmotte à longue queue (Marmota caudata Geoffroy) sur le Pamir]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 104-105.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota caudata, Ceratoides papposa, population, Tadjikistan, Tajikistan.

The long-tailed marmot - the widespread and the numerous inhabitant of deserted and steppe high-mountainous ecosystem of Pamirian plateau. Its vertical distribution is defined by heights 3600-4900 rn ab ove sea. Pamirian area of distribution of species covers 20 thousand KM2 that makes 52.6 % of total territory of Pamirian plateau. Settlements with the greatest density are located at heights of 3800-4300 rn, in wide valleys with equal reliefs and flat hillsides adjoining to them where humidity from thawing snows stimulates growth of plants. The greatest density of (settlements of tape and diffusive types) a marmot is in valleys of the rivers Markansu, Buzdjilga, Shadput, Gurumdi, Mashali, Kokoibelsu, Djartigumbez, Bashgumbez, vicinities lake Zorkul and pass Kojtezak. Focus type of settlement of marmots is to be found in vicinities of lakes Jashilkul, Bulunkul, natural boundaries Madijan, Julmazar, passes Hargush and Akbaital. Spreading of the red marmot is less and irregular on gorges of valleys Alichur, Aksu, Murghab, Rangkul hollows, vicinities Karakullake where vegetation is subject to pastoral digression. Resources of a long-tailed marmot in Pamir are significant and according to different authors' estimates within the limits of 70-200 thousand individuals (Derljatko, etc., 1967; Davidov, 1974; Odinashoev, 1987; Bibikov, 1989). In July, 2003 number of a long-tailed marmot has been estimated by us in 7 geographical districts of Pamir. Sites with regular seulement of marmots have been selected for assesment. Population density has been distributed as follows: 1) Southern-Alichur range, Djartigumbez (gorges Mashali, Khuseindgilga, Okkalama, 4100 rn) - 93 individual/krn2; 2) Pass Kyzylrabat (4300 rn) - 38 individuals/km2; 3) Pass Akbajtal (4750 m) - 27 individuals/ km2; 4) Muzkol range, natural boundaries Bululi (4300 rn) - 47 individuals/ km2; 5) Sarikol range, natural boundaries Shadput (4200 rn) - 78 individuals/ km2; 6) Southern-Alichur range, gorge Akdun (4300 rn) - 56 individuals/km2; 7) Pass Kojtezak ( 4200 m) - 43 individuals/km2. Thus, in places of the most regular distribution, number of a long-tailed marmot in Pamir varies within the limits of 27 -93 individuals/km2. For last 15 years resources of a long-tailed marmot in Pamir are not used in production. Distribution and number of species is significantly effected by overgrazing, intensive cutting down of teresken (Ceratoides papposa), the shepherd's and stray dogs.

Russian PDF russe

Saidov A.S. & Abdulnazarov A.G. 2005. The role of long-tailed marmot (Marmota caudata Geoffroy) in diet of predatory mammals and birds in Pamir. Rol’ krasnogo sourka (Marmota caudata Geoffroy) v pitanii khichtchnykh mlekopitaiuchtchikh i ptits Pamira. [Rôle de la marmotte à longue queue (Marmota caudata Geoffroy) sur le régime alimentaire des mammifères et oiseaux prédateurs du Pamir]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 106-107.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota caudata, Canis lupus, Vulpes vulpes, Felis lynx, Uncia uncia, Ursus arctos, Aguila chrisaetos, Haliaeetus leucoruphus, Haliaeetus albicilla, Accipiter gentilis, Gips fulvus, Aegypius monachus, Cipaetus barbatus, pr»dation, predation.

The long-tailed marmot in Pamir enters into a diet of the 5 species of predatory mammals (Canis lupus, Vulpes vulpes, Felis lynx, Uncia uncia, Ursus arctos) and 7 species feathery predatory (Aguila chrisaetos, Haliaeetus leucoruphus, Haliaeetus albicilla, Accipiter gentilis, Gips fulvus, Aegypius monachus, Cipaetus barbatus). The mainest enemies of a species are the wolf and the fox. The rests of the long-tailed marmot have been found out by us in 55 (n=38) excrement of the wolf. Habitats in summer season of a snow leopard in Pamir cover the top limit of distribution of the long-tailed marmot, last serves for a leopard as additional forage. ln area of pass Hargush and Southern-Alichur range (Zorkul reserve) we recorded 3 cases of excavation of marmots' burrows by a brown bear. However number of brown bears in Pamir insignificant also does not cause an essential loss to resources of the long-tailed marmot. The big influence on populations of marmots is rendered by the shepherd's dogs. ln Pamir region within the habitat limits of a red marmot about 1200 shepherd's dogs are kept to protect cattle. According to the statement of shepherds after awakening marmots from hibernation each dog daily catches on 1-2 marmots. The shepherd's dogs and wolves cause remarkable damage to population of the long-tailed marmot during first days of awakening from hibernation when they weak and behave carelessly. During 1996-2004 we register 44 cases of an attack ofbirds of prey on the long-tailed marmots, including Aguila chrisaetos - 22, Haliaeetus albicilla - 8, Haliaeetus leucoruphus- 12, Accipiter gentilis - 2. The greatest number of an attack of birds of prey on marmots is noted during May- June that coincides with the period of the greatest activity marmots. Successful hunters of marmots are the Aguila chrisaetos, Haliaeetus albicilla and Haliaeetus leucoruphus. Birds of prey for an attack on a colony of marmots choose narrow intermountain gorges where there are various sorts of heights for a dive. ln the end of summer (the end of August) basically young marmots become victims of birds of prey. The rests of the long-tailed marmot are found close to 3 nests of Aguila chrisaetos, 2 nests of Cipaetus barbatus and 2 nests of Gips fulvus. Popularity of the rests of the long-tailed marmot in excrements of birds of prey is 62.3 %. Thus, the long-tailed marmot as a background species of high mountains of Pamir is an essential component of a trophic chain of predatory mammals and birds.

Russian PDF russe

Saint Girons M.-C. 1973. Les mammifères de France et du Bénélux [Mammals of France and Benelux]. Paris, Doin, pp. 482.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, France, Belgique.

Saint Girons M.-C. 1986. Bibliographie des mammifères du paléarctique occidental (1850-1980) [Bibliography of wesrtern Palearctic mammals (1850-1980)]. Secrétariat de la Faune et de la Flore, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 440 pp.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, paléarctique, palearctic.

Saint-leger Henri de 1947. En souvenir des marmottes [In memory of marmots]. Cahiers de Savoie : 77-81.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, faune, fauna.
Archives départementales Savoie

Sainte-Claire Deville J. 1913. Description d'un Oxypoda nouveau de France, O. falcozi, du terrier de la Marmotte [Description of a new French Oxypoda, O. falcozi, of the marmot burrow]. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 134.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Arctomys alpinus, terrier, burrow, entomologie, entomology, microcavernicole, Hautes-Alpes, France.
Russian PDF russe

Sainte-Claire Deville J. 1927 Descriptions de quatre espèces nouvelles de Coléoptères découverts dans les terriers de Marmottes (Col. Staphylindae, Silphidae, Cryptophagidae) [Description of four new species of Coleoptera found in marmot burrow]. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France., Séance du 9 février 1927, 41-45.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, terrier, burrow, entomologie, entomology, Coléoptères, Coleoptera, Atheta marei n.sp., Hautes-Alpes, 2200-2400 m, Aleochora marmotae n.sp., 2400 m, Cryptophagus arctomyos n.sp., Hautes-Alpes, Catops joffrei n.sp., Haute-Savoie.
Pdf

Saint-Pierre Bernardin de Jacques Henry 1804. Études de la nature [Study of Nature]. Tome II. Paris, Deterville. Num. BNF de l'éd. de, Paris : INALF, 1961- (Frantext ; N342-N343 Reprod. de l'éd. de, Paris : Deterville, 1804.
En français, in French.
Marmotte, marmot, zoochorie, zoochore, Saint-Pierre Bernardin de (1737-1814).
Extrait/extract pdf

Saint-Pierre Bernardin de J.H. 1840. Voyage à l'île de France. In Œuvres Posthumes, T.1. Paris, Le Dentu, 1840.
Au Cap, p. 91
En français, in French. Littérature française, French literature, île de France, La Réunion, Marmotte, marmot.

Il y a une espèce fort commune de petites tortues de
montagne à écaille jaune marquetée de noir ; on n' en
fait aucune sorte d' usage. Il y a des porcs-épics et
des marmottes d'une forme différente des nôtres ;
une grande variété de cerfs et de chevreuils, des
ânes sauvages, des zèbres, etc.

Saint-Pierre Bernardin de J.H. 1840. Harmonies de la nature. Oeuvres posthumes, Ledentu, Paris. 1961. INALF, Paris.
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, marmotte, marmot, naturalisme, naturalism.
Extrait/extract pdf

Saissy J.A. 1808. Recherches expérimentales et anatomiques sur les Mammifères hybernans [Experimental anatomical researches on hibernating mammals]. Libr. Stéréotype Nicolle, Lyon ; Chez l'auteur.
En français, in French.Bibliothèque Municipale de Lyon.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, Marmota marmota, hibernation, anatomie, anatomy.

Saissy a remarqué que la température des Mammifères hivernants est toujours supérieure à celle de l'atmosphère, même en hiver, mais que si elle descend au-dessous de zéro, elle entraîne la mort. La plupart de ces animaux s'engourdissent quand la température est de + 5 degrés. Si on les tire de leur léthargie, quelle que soit sa profondeur, la respiration et la circulation reprennent momentanément leur activité et remontent à un maximum en quelques heures. Il est parvenu à engourdir, en été, des Marmottes dans une glacière à +10 degrés, mais il lui fallut boucher le trou pratiqué dans le couvercle du vase qui contenait l'animal ; il y avait donc asphyxie partielle, mais il en a conclu qu'il faut de très basses températures pour engourdir les Marmottes. Pour que la torpeur se produise, il importe surtout que le froid soit constant et les animaux au repos. Les hivernants ne s'endorment pas tous à la même température. La Marmotte exige, d'après Saissy, un froid très vif et peut-être un terrier comme pour le Hamster (suivant Daubenton). Les Hérissons et les Chauves-souris s'endorment avec une température de +4 degrés à +5 degrés ; tous ne se refroidissent pas au même degré. L'assoupissement de la Marmotte est plus profond que celui de la Chauve-souris et surtout que celui du Lérot. La Marmotte se réveille en huit à neuf heures, le Hérisson en cinq à six heures, la Chauve-souris en trois à quatre heures, le Lérot en deux heures ; le réchauffement artificiel n'est pas nécessaire, les excitations externes seules suffisent. La consommation de l'oxygène est en raison directe de la température ; elle est presque insensible avec une torpeur médiocre et "nulle" dans la léthargie profonde. Dans l'état de torpeur, les hivernants peuvent supporter une atmosphère assez viciée pour qu'un oiseau y meure de suite. Saissy a relevé des particularités anatomiques spéciales aux hivernants : 1 Le poumon a peu d'étendue ; 2 la capacité du c ur, des artères, des veines de l'intérieur du thorax et de l'abdomen, sauf les vaisseaux de la périphérie sont plus petits. Il a été frappé de la grosseur des nerfs périphériques. Dans la torpeur, le sang est froid, rouge brun dans les artères, comme dans les veines. Il contient peu de fibrine et serait peu coagulable. La bile est douceâtre, la graisse onctueuse ne se solidifie pas dans l'engourdissement. Il admet, comme cause de ce dernier, l'action du froid sur les nerfs sous-cutanés parce qu'ils sont gros et nombreux. Les fibres de la peau se contractent et chassent le sang vers l'intérieur, comme il arrive pour les doigts de l'homme refroidi. L'immobilité de l'animal favorise la passivité des vaisseaux sanguins et diminue la respiration. Tous ces phénomènes supposent un trouble plus ou moins profond du système nerveux. Saissy pense que si ces animaux ne meurent pas en état de torpeur, c'est parce que leur sang a la propriété de rester fluide. La position en boule expose le moins possible de surface au froid, les membres sont tous repliés dans le creux de la courbure du corps. Les clavicules, le sternum sont pressés contre la partie antérieure du cou, de manière à intercepter le courant de sang qui va dans la tête et à comprimer la trachée. Les viscères abdominaux et les membres de l'arrière-train sont poussés contre le diaphragme, de façon à intercepter les larges canaux sanguins qui le traversent. L'extension de la cavité du thorax dans le sens longitudinal est entièrement empêchée. Il résulte de ces circonstances que la circulation du sang et de l'air est restreinte et adaptée aux actions de la vie hivernale. Appendice, Dubois, 1896.

Saissy J.A. 1815. Ubersetz v. D. Nass. Arch. f. d. phys., Halle, 293-369.

Saissy Jean-Antoine 1833. Observations sur quelques mammifères hybernants [Observations about some hibernating mammals]. Mémoires de l’académie Impériale des sciences, littérature et beaux-arts de Turin, Turin, 1-21.
En français, in French.
Physiologie, physiology, marmotte, marmot.
Extrait Pdf extract

Sakhno I.I. 1949. K voprosou o pitanii baïbaka [Problèmes de nutrition de M. bobac. Nutrition questions on M. bobac]. Priroda, 2.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, alimentation, foraging.

Sakhno I.I. 1968. Okhrana baïbaka na ukraine. Zool. J., 5 : 763-765.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Ukraine.

Sakhno I.I. 1969. [Protection de la marmotte (Marmota bobac Müll) en Ukraine. Marmot (Marmota bobac Müll) conservation in Ukraine].]. Zool. J., 48 : 763-765.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, protection, preservation, Ukraine.

Sakhno I.I. 1972. Razmechtchenie i tchislennosti stepnogo sourka v Voroshilovgradskoï obl-ti. [Répartition et effectif de marmottes de la steppe dans la région de Voroshilivgrad. Distribution and numbers of Steppe Marmot (Marmota bobac Mull.) in Voroshilivgrad region]Vestn. zool. [Bulletin of Zoology], 1 : 45-49.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Marmotte des steppes, répartition, distribution, dénombrement, census, Ukraine.

Sala B. 1980. Intepretazione crono-bio-stratigrafica dei depositi Pleistocini della Grotta del Broion (Vicenza) [Interprétation chrono-biostratigraphique des depôts Pléistocèniquesde la grotte de Broion]. Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria, 3 : 66-71.
En italien, in Italian.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota marmota, Grotta de Broion, Vénétie, Toringien final, late Toringian, Italie, Italy.

Sala B. 1990. Loess fauna in deposits of shelters and caves in the Veneto region and examples in other regions of Italy [Faune du loess dans les gisements des abris et cavernes en Vénétie et exemples dans d'autres régions d'Italie]. In The loess in Northern and Central Italy, Cremaschi M. ed., 139-149.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Marmota marmota, Grotta de Broion, Grotta di Veja, abri Mezzana, abri Ghiacciaia, Vénétie, Toringien final, late Toringian, Italie, Italy.

Sala L., Magnanini M. , Sola, A. Spampanato & Tongiorgi P. 1994. Use of territory in a population of Marmota marmota in the northern Apennines [Utilisation de l'espace dans une population de Marmota marmota dans les Apennins septentrionaux]. Boll. Zool., 61: 66.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, biogéographie, biogeography, population, Italie, Italia, Emilie, Toscane.

Sala L., C. Sola, A. Spampanato, Pigozzi G., Tongiorgi P. & Tosi L. 1990. Indagini eco-etologiche sulla marmotta dell'Appennino tosco-emiliano [Recherches éco-éthologiques sur la marmotte des Apennins de Toscane-Emilie. Researches on marmot populations on the Appenninico Tosco-Emiliano ridges]. Atti 53° Congresso dell'Unione Zoologica Italiana, Conturines Palermo, ottobre 1990.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, biogéographie, biogeography, population, Italie, Italia, Emilie, Toscane.

Sala L., C. Sola, A. Spampanato & P. Tongiorgi 1992. Indagini sul popolamento di marmotta del crinale Appenninico Tosco-Emiliano. The marmot population of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennine ridge. [Recherches sur les populations de marmottes des crêtes des Appenins de Toscane-Emilie. Researches on marmot populations on the Appenninico Tosco-Emiliano ridges]. Proc. 1st Inter. symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. Marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds., 143-149.
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Marmota marmota, biogéographie, biogeography, population, Italie, Italia, Emilie, Toscane.

In the Modena Apennines above the tree line (1600 -1700 metres a.s.l.), the marmot is today found almost every-where. The present population is the result of introduction from 1946 onwards. The spread of this rodent in an environment different to its original alpine habitat offers numerous points of scientific and administrative interest and justifies the eco-ethological study of this population. Since 1988, the daily and seasonal activity rhythms and the social structure of a group of marmots on the northern slopes of the Monte Cimone have been observed.

Sala L., Sola C., Spampanato A., Tongiorgi P. & Magnanini M. 1993. Capture and identification techniques of marmot on Mount Cimone (Northern Apennines) [Capture et techniques d'identification des marmottes du Mont Cimone (Apennins septentrionaux)]. Ibex J. M. E, 1: 14-16.
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Available pdf disponible
(Marmota marmota, biogéographie, biogeography, population, Italie, Italia, Emilie, Toscane.

Sala L., Sola C., Spampanato A., Magnanini M. & Tongiorgi P. 1994. Usage de l'espace et du temps dans une population de M. marmota de l'Apennin septentrional. Space and time use in a population of Marmota marmota of the northern Apennines. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 128-129.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota marmota, spatial, territoire, territory, Italie, Italy, Apennins.

From 1989 to 1992, an etological study on the introduced population of Alpine marmot has been carried out in an area of 5 ha where all the burrows were marked. For two-four consecutive days in alternate weeks from May to September, the position and activity of marked marmots was recorded every 15 min from dawn to dusk. The basic social structure is clearly identifiable as separate and territorial families. Both the families of the study area reproduced twice consecutively, afterwords a period of two or three years without litters followed. The two families reproduced alternately, from 1988 to 1993 we never observed the contemporaneous presence of yearlings in the two families. The quantitative assement of the use of any burrow let to identify a system of main burrows, a system of secondary burrows and scattered burrows. The adults and the youngs utilize all the systems of burrows, the yearlings concentrate their activities on some of those. The frequency of foraging increases from the burrows situated on higher and sleeper slopes (3%) to those digged in lower and flatter areas (46%). Nothwithstanding considerable demographic variations, there have been no significant changes in the extension and structure of the settlements.

Sala L., Sola C., Spampanato A., Maganini M. & Tongiorgi P. 1996. Usage de l'espace et du temps dans une population de Marmota marmota de l'Apennin septentrional. Space and time use in a population of Marmota marmota of the northern Apennines. In Biodiversité chez les marmottes / Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 209-216.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota marmota, spatial, territoire, territory, Italie, Italy, Apennins.

Deux groupes familiaux de marmotte alpine ont été suivi pendant sept ans (1988-1994) par observation directe dans les Apennins d'Emilie. Ces observations ont porté sur la démographie, l'organisation sociale, l'extension du territoire familial, l'activité en référence aux terriers et à l'utilisation du territoire.
Two contiguous families of Alpine marmot were followed for 7 years (1988-1994) by direct observation in the Emilian Apennines. Observations regarded demographic development, social organization, extension of the family territory, activity with reference to burrows and use of territory.

Sala L., C. Sola A. Spampanato P. Tongiorgi & M. Magnanini 1993. Capture and identification techniques of marmot on mount Cimone (Northern Apennines) [Capture et techniques d'identification de marmotte sur le Mont Cimone (Apennins du nord)]. IBEX J.M.E., 1: 14-16.
Marmota marmota, méthodes, metods, capture, trapping, Italie, Italy, Toscanne, Emilia-Romagna.

Sala L., P. Tongiorgi, M. Gianaroli, C. Sola & A. Spampanato 1997. Long-term monitoring of a population of marmots in the northern Apennines. Preliminay data [Suivi à long-terùe d'une population de marmottes du nord des Apennins. Données préliminaires]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobrazniya (Holartic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mezhdunarodnaya Konferentsiya po surkam, Tezisy dokladov (III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts], 90 (Russian), 187 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and English.
Suivi, monitoring, Italie, Italy, Apennins, Apennines.

Sala L., P. Tongiorgi, M. Gianaroli, C. Sola & A. Spampanato 1997. Monitoraggio a lungo termine di una popolazione di marmotta (Marmota marmota L.) dell'Appennino modenese. [Long-term monitoring of a population of marmots in the northern Apennines. Suivi à long-terùe d'une population de marmottes du nord des Apennins]. 58° Convegno nazionale dell'Unione Zoologica Italiana, Cattolica (RM), 24-28 settembre 1997, p. 44.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, méthodes, methods, capture, trapping, Italie, Italy, Toscanne, Emilia-Romagna.

Sala Natasa 2004.Selezione dell’habitat della marmotta alpina (Marmota marmota L.) in Valle Brembana: metodo per campionamento [Sélection de l’habitat de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota L.) en Vallée Brembana: méthode par échantillons. Habitat selection of alpine marmot (Marmota marmota L.) in Brembana Valley: sampling method]. Thèse en Sciences Naturelles à l’Université d’état de Milano.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, habitat, méthodologie, methodology, Brembana, Italie, Italy.

Il presente lavoro è finalizzato all'acquisizione di informazioni relative all'influenza di alcuni parametri ecologici sullo stanziamento della marmotta alpina nell'intera Valle Brembana (Alpi Orobie e Prealpi Bergamasche). I dati ottenuti forniscono la base per comprendere la vocazionalitagrave;e conseguentemente la capacità di carico del territorio esaminato per la specie, informazioni necessarie per una sua corretta gestione.
In base alla bibliografia ed alla possibilità di confronto con lavori precedenti relativi alla stessa zona sono stati scelti i parametri altitudine, inclinazione, esposizione, assolazione e caratteristiche fisionomiche. Per essi è stata operata una valutazione quantitativa, attraverso l'osservazione del territorio utilizzato in rapporto alle disponibilità ambientali. Sono stati inoltre considerati qualitativamente anche l'impatto antropico e la presenza di barriere.
La fase preliminare del lavoro è stata l'individuazione del territorio vocazionale, delimitato inferiormente dall'isoipsa dei 1300 metri o, se collocato a quote superiori, dal limite inferiore del bosco. Dal territorio sono stati esclusi anche i laghi e le aree urbane. Nessun limite superiore è stato fissato. All'interno della zona così definita sono state scelte delle aree campione che per numero, dimensione e collocazione fossero rappresentative dell'intero territorio. La raccolta di dati sul terreno è stata finalizzata da un lato a cartografare le caratteristiche fisionomiche di ciascuna area campione, dall'altro ad individuare l'eventuale presenza di marmotte, indicata sulla carta come superficie coloniale. La fase successiva è stata la misurazione, per ciascuna area rilevata, dei cinque parametri. Anche la superficie coloniale, quando presente, è stata quindi caratterizzata dagli stessi parametri. I dati ottenuti sono stati successivamente elaborati in modo da consentire una valutazione complessiva delle scelte ambientali operate dalla marmotta.
Dei cinque parametri rilevati soltanto due sono risultati importanti nell'influenzare lo stanziamento degli animali: le caratteristiche fisionomiche, e, solo secondariamente, l'assolazione. In particolare le caratteristiche fisionomiche sembrano costituire il fattore limitante.
Le colonie sono localizzate esclusivamente in ambienti aperti, con copertura prevalentemente erbacea o moderata presenza di vegetazione basso-arbustiva. Anche le pietraie costituiscono un ambiente favorevole all'insediamento delle marmotte, ma soltanto se la presenza di vegetazione erbacea ne costituisce una parte consistente. La vegetazione più alta rappresenta, invece, un limite e viene pressoché sempre disertata. Gli ambienti rocciosi vengono per lo più evitati, sebbene la presenza di rari affioramenti non costituisca un ostacolo. La marmotta sembra prediligere territori con assolazione media ed elevata. In quest ultimo caso le scelte cadono, in particolare, su terreni ad esposizione sud, sud-ovest e sud-est ed inclinazione media. Essa rifugge invece, dove possibile, le zone ad assolazione bassa. E' stato inoltre osservato che col crescere della quota le esposizioni nord, nord-ovest e nord-est vengono evitate. La distribuzione altitudinale degli insediamenti dimostra che questo parametro ha un valore solo su scala locale. Numerose colonie sono protette a monte da pareti rocciose. I corsi d''acqua non sembrano costituire una barriera. L'impatto antropico, rappresentato principalmente dalla pastorizia e dall'escursionismo, non costituisce ancora un limite alla diffusione delle colonie.
In base ai dati raccolti è possibile dedurre che nella zona più occidentale della Valle Brembana le colonie sono in fase di espansione, mentre nel resto del territorio esaminato esse sono ancora in fase di colonizzazione.
La raccolta dati è stata effettuata in due fasi con un intervallo di sette anni. La tendenza osservata durante la seconda fase conferma le ipotesi formulate in base ai dati precedentemente ottenuti.
La metodologia utilizzata non consente una valutazione precisa della consistenza numerica della marmotta, ma può fornirne un'indicazione approssimativa. Attraverso proiezioni a partire dai dati ottenuti, è stato possibile ipotizzare un valore che va dai 6200 ai 9500 individui nell'intera Valle Brembana. Rispetto ai lavori precedenti relativi ad una parte del territorio, è stato rilevato un incremento sia del numero di colonie che della superficie delle stesse.
L'analisi dei dati ed il confronto con i lavori precedentemente svolti sul territorio ha confermato la bontà del metodo per campionamento. Il dimensionamento delle aree campione è risultato efficace su ampia scala, non altrettanto in territori limitati.

Pdf

Salem N., Maclennan G.T., Kuang Y., Anderson P.W., Schomisch S.J., Tochkov I.A., Tennant B.C & Lee Z. 2007. Quantitative Evaluation of 2-Deoxy-2[F-18]fluoro-D: -glucose-Positron Emission Tomography Imaging on the Woodchuck Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Histological Correlation. Molecular imaging and biology (Mol. Imaging Biol.), 9(3): 135-43.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, imagerie, imaging, carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), tomographie par émission de positron (TEP), positron emission tomography (PET).
The Eastern woodchuck (Marmota monax) is considered as a naturally occurring animal model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The performance of 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D: -glucose (FDG) for imaging HCC on the woodchuck using Positron emission tomography (PET) was investigated in this study. Dynamic FDG-PET scans were performed on five woodchucks with HCC and one healthy woodchuck before removal and processing of the liver tissues for histology. The parameters of a two-tissue compartment model with dual input were estimated using weighted least squares (WLS). Ten HCCs were confirmed histologically. Six HCCs had a tumor-to-liver standardized uptake value (SUV) ratio 1.15, a lower k (4) / k (3) ratio than the hepatic tissues and were moderately differentiated. CONCLUSIONS: Increased FDG uptake was observed in HCCs that were the least differentiated and correlated with a lower k (4) / k (3) ratio.

Salikhbaev H.S. 1939. [Gibier, animaux et oiseaux commerciaux du district de Gouzar de la région de Boukhara. Game and Commercial Animals and Birds in Guzar District of Boukhara Region]. Proceeding of Uzbek Zoological Park, Tashkent, 110.
Gibier, game, Boukhara, Ouzbekistan, Uzbekistan.

Salkin I.F., Stone W.B. & Gordon M.A. 1981. Dermatophilus congolensis infections in wildlife in New York State [Infection par Dermatophilus congolensis de la faune sauvage de l'état de New York]. J. Clin. Microbiol., 14(6): 604-606.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Dermatophilus congolensis, Mephitis mephitis, Procyon lotor, actinomycete.

Dermatophilus congolensis infection is described for the first time in a woodchuck (Marmota monax) and a striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). This actinomycete was also recovered from a raccoon (Procyon lotor) carcass which had been frozen for a year. Encrusted lesions or denuded patches or both were seen during necropsy on the head, thorax, abdomen, and legs of each carcass. D. congolensis was demonstrated in strained smears or paraffin sections or both from the three animals and was recovered from lesions induced in a rabbit's ear by inoculation with infected raccoon tissue. This expands to 59 the number of cases of dermatophilosis found in wildlife and domestic animals in New York State and vicinity.

Sal'nikov K.V. 1952. Drevneïchie namyatnikiistorii Ourala [Les monuments naturels historiques de l'Oural. Natural historic monuments in the Urals]. Sverdlosk. Oural.
En russe, in Russian.
Conservation, Oural, Ural, Russie, Russia.

Salsbury .M. 1993. Reproductive energetics of adult male yellow-bellied marmots [Energétique de la reproduction chez le mâle adulte de la marmotte à ventre jaune]. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, reproduction, mâle, male.

Salsbury C.M. & Armitage K.B. 1990. Factors affecting metabolism of field-trapped marmots [Facteurs affectant le métabolisme des marmottes capturées]. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am., 71(2): 312.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, physiologie, physiology, métabolisme, metabolism, capture, trapping.

Salsbury C.M. & Armitage K.B. 1994a. Home-range size and exploratory excursions of adult, male yellow-bellied marmots [Taille du domaine vital et excursions exploratoires des mâles adultes des marmottes à ventre jaune]. Journal of Mammalogy, 75 (3): 648-656.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, éthologie, ethology, spatial, télémétrie, telemetry.

Home-range sizes of adult, male yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) were estimated from radio-telemetry, trapping, and visual observation. Home ranges were monitored from early May to late August in 1989, 1990, and 1991. Home-range size varied greatly among males (range, 0.06-47.51 ha). Median home-range size for all males was 1.02 ha, larger than previous estimates for the species. Distribution of females and localized fluctuations in density of males influenced home-range size of males. Home-range size was not related to number of females defended or to body mass of males. Several males made excursions from their home ranges, perhaps to locate additional mates. These results indicate that male marmots behaviorally respond to the density and distribution of females.

Salsbury C.M. & Armitage K.B. 1994b. Resting and field metabolic rates of adult male yellow-bellied marmots [Taux métaboliques des marmottes à ventre jaune au repos et sur le terrain]. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 108: 579-588.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, physiologie, physiology, métabolisme, metabolism.

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and field metabolic rate (FMR) of wild-caught males were estimated from oxygen consumption and the doubly-labeled water method, respectively. The average FMR/RMR ratio of 6.9 was much greater than ratios reported for other mammals. Total FMR (kJ/day) increased and specific RMR (kJ/kg/day) decreased with time. Neither total RMR nor specific FMR were significantly related to time. The decrease in specific RMR may result from a circannual decrease in maintenance expenditure and a seasonal increase in body mass. Total FMR may increase through the season as conditions for male activity become more favorable.

Salsbury C.M. & Armitage K.B. 1995. Reproductive energetics of adult male yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) [Energétique de la reproduction des marmottes à ventre jaune mâles (M. flaviventris)]. Can. J. Zool., 73: 1791-1797.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, reproduction, mâle, male.

We examined the energy expenditure of adult male yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) and its relationship to various female-defense characteristics critical to male reproductive success. Resting metabolic rates of males were estimated in the laboratory via oxygen-consumption analysis, and field metabolic rates wee estimated using a doubly labeled water technique. Male home-rage size, number of females defended by males, dispersion of females in the habitat, and date into the active season were considered to be predictors of male energy expenditure in excess of maintenance costs (field metabolic rate minus resting metabolic rate). Energy expenditure was best explained by a defensibility index based on the number and dispersion of females defended; expenditure increased with number and dispersion of females. Energy expenditure increased with date into the active season. Environmental constraints on male activity during the mating season may have led to a shift in male reproductive investment to later in the season, when intruder pressure by conspecifics increased. No short-term survival costs were associated with high energy expenditure; males appeared to engage in reproductive behviors congruent with their physiological capabilities.
Nous avons mesuré la dépense énergétique chez des mâles adultes de la marmotte à ventre jaune (Marmota flaviventris) et examine sa relation avec différentes caractéristiques associées à la défense des femelles, caractéristiques très importantes pour le succès reproducteur des mâles. Les taux de métabolisme de base des mâles ont été mesurés en laboratoire par analyse de la consommation d'oxygène et les taux de métabolisme en nature ont été estimés au moyen d'une technique utilisant de l'eau doublement marquée. La taille du domaine vital des mâles, le nombre de femelles défendues par les mâles, la dispersion des femelles dans l'habitat et la date du début de la saison d'activité ont servi d'indicateurs des coûts énergétiques excédant ceux reliés au maintien chez les mâles (taux de métabolisme en nature moins taux de métabolisme au repos). C'est un indice relié à la défense des femelles, indice basé sur le nombre et la dispersion des femelles défendues, qui illustre le mieux la dépense énergétique : la dépense augmente lorsque le nombre et la dispersion des femelles augmentent. La dépense d'énergie augmente aussi à mesure qu'avance la saison d'activité. Les contraintes écologiques exercées sur l'activité des mâles par l'intrusion d'autres individus de la même espèce durant la saison de reproduction peut avoir entraîné le renvoi de l'investissement reproducteur des mâles vers une date ultérieure. Aucune dépense d'énergie élevée ne semble être associée à des coûts de survie à court terme ; les mâles semblent s'engager dans des comportements reproducteurs correspondant à leurs capacités physiologiques.

Salsbury C.M. & Armitage K.B. 2002. Variation in growth rates of yellow-bellied marmots. Variation des taux de croissance de la marmotte à ventre jaune. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 116-117.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota flaviventris, yellow-bellied marmot, marmotte à ventre jaune, growth rate, taux de croissance, hibernation mass, masse à l'hibernation, weaning mass, masse au sevrage, weaning date, date du sevrage.

Salsbury C.M. & Armitage K.B. 2003. Variation in growth rates of yellow-bellied marmots. Variation des taux de croissance de la marmotte à ventre jaune. Вариация роста желтобрюхого сурка In Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 195-204.
Anglais, français et résumé russe; English, French and Russian abstract
PDF disponible/available
Marmota flaviventris, yellow-bellied marmot, marmotte à ventre jaune, growth rate, taux de croissance, hibernation mass, masse à l'hibernation, weaning mass, masse au sevrage, weaning date, date du sevrage.
Les taux de croissance des populations de marmottes à ventre jaune (Marmota flaviventris) varient significativement avec le sexe, l’âge, le lieu et l’année. D’abord, les mâles ont des taux de croissance supérieurs à ceux des femelles et les marmottons et les antenais, des taux de croissance généralement supérieurs à ceux de tous les adultes quelle que soit leur localisation. Les localisations sont situées à des altitudes différentes et la relation entre altitude et taux de croissance est complexe et probablement sous le contrôle du climat. De faibles précipitations en fin d'été sont souvent associées à des faibles taux de croissance aux altitudes élevées où la saison active est limitée et retardée par les chutes de neige tardive comparée aux altitudes plus basses. Les taux de croissance et de survie des marmottons sont plus fortement influencés par les écarts de chutes de pluie que ceux des adultes. De plus, les effets de la date et de la masse au sevrage sur la masse de préhibernation sont plus prononcés chez les marmottons mâles d'altitude élevée que chez les marmottons femelles.

Salucci V., Lu M., Aurisicchio L., La Monica N., Roggendorf M. & Palombo F. 2002. Expression of a new woodchuck IFN-alpha gene by a helper-dependent adenoviral vector in woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected primary hepatocytes. J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 22(10): 1027-34.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, woodchuck, virus, hépatite, hepatits,.

Recombinant interferon-alpha (rIFN-alpha) is currently used in the treatment of viral hepatitis either alone or in combination with small molecules. However, this treatment is not very efficacious, and more effective protocols are needed. To this end, we have explored the woodchuck hepatitis system, validated as an infection model for vaccination and antiviral studies against human hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The lack of a woodchuck IFN-alpha (WoIFN-alpha) homolog has prevented study of viral inhibition, which may be instrumental in understanding the IFN-alpha-induced antiviral pathways responsible for HBV clearance in humans. We have, therefore, cloned two WoIFN-alpha homologs from the woodchuck genome, which showed high similarity to the human IFN-alpha (HuIFN-alpha) gene at both nucleotide and amino acid levels. WoIFN-alpha showed a species-specific activity without any efficacy on human or mouse cells. In agreement with this antiviral activity, induction of Mx protein was observed in woodchuck cells only on WoIFN-alpha treatment. The antiviral efficacy of a WoIFN-alpha gene transfer was explored using a helper-dependent adenoviral (Ad) vector (HD-WoIFN) as a delivery vehicle. This treatment resulted in the reduction of woodchuck hepatitis viral proteins in primary hepatocytes from chronically woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV)-infected woodchucks.

Salvador E.V., Roberts J.C. & Bito L.Z. 1978. Concentrative accumulation of prostaglandins in vitro at 7o and 37oC by tissues of normothermic and hibernating woodchucks (Marmota monax). Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 60A: 173-176.
En anglais, in English.
Endocrinologie, endocrinology, Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, woodchuck.

Samet A. 1950. Pictorial Encyclopedia of Furs (rev. ed. 1950) Samigullin G. M. 1991. Sovremennoe sostoyanie i perpektivy sokhraneniya poseleniï baöbaka v Orenbourgskoï oblasti [The modern state and prospects of the preservation of bobak colonies in the Orenburg Region. État actuel et perspectives de protection des colonies de marmottes bobac de la région d'Orenburg]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 112- 114.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, protection, preservation, Russie, Russia, Orenbourg, Orenburg.

Samigullin G.M. 1993. Istol'zovanie nor baïbaka pritsami i mlekopitayuchtchini v stepyaka yujnogo Ourala [Utilisation des terriers de bobak par les oiseaux et mammifères dans les steppes du sud de l'Oural. Use of bobac's burrows by birds and mammals in the southern steppes of Ural]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 35.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, terrier, burrow, mammifères, mammals, Oiseaux, birds, steppe, Russie, Russia, Oural, Ural.

Samkharadze N.M. 2002a. [Régime alimentaire du renard et ses relations trophiques avec la marmotte des steppes dans le sud de l'oblast de Nijegorod. Diet of fox and its trophic relationship with bobac in steppe coenosis in South part of Nizhegorodskaya oblast]. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 52-53.
En russe, in Russian.
Vulpes corsac, Marmota bobac, régime alimentaire, diet.

Samoch V.I. 1958. Pritchiny sokrachtcheniya areala baïbaka na oukraine [Causes de la réduction de l'aire de distribution de Marmota bobac en Ukraine. Cause of the decrease of the bobac marmot range in Ukraine]. Mat. sovechtchn. po probl. zoogegrafii soushi, Livov, 241.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, répartition, distribution, Ukraine.

Samoch V.I. 1960. Materiali do ekologii baïbaka na oukraine [Matériaux sur lécologie de la marmotte bobac en Ukraine. Materials on ecology of the bobac in Ukraine]. Prats. In-tu zoologii, kiti : vid-vo An URSR, 16 : 23-29.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, écologie, ecology, Ukraine.

Samoch V.I. 1963. Baïbak v Streletskoï stepi [La marmotte bobac des steppes de Streletski. The bobac marmot of the steppes in Streletski]. Okhota i okhotnitchye khoz-vo, 11.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Streletski.

Sand George 1856. Histoire de ma vie [History of my life]. Paris, M. Lévy frères, 269p. Document électronique 1995, base de données textuelles Frantext réalisée par l'Institut National de la Langue Française (INaLF)
Littérature française, French literature, Etnozoologie, ethnozoology.
"L' auberge de la boutaille était tenue par une vieille sibylle qui logeait à la nuit, et ce taudis était principalement affecté aux bateleurs ambulants, aux petits colporteurs suspects et aux montreurs d' animaux savants. Les marmottes, les chiens chorégraphes, les singes pelés et surtout les ours muselés tenaient cour plénière dans des caves dont les soupiraux donnaient sur la rue."

Santi Guiseppe, Ferraiulo Valentina & Krieger Chiara 2002. Upper Pleistocene Marmota marmota Linnaeus, 1758 remains from Como Province (Lombardy-Northern Italy. Osteological study and morphometric observations. [Fossiles de Marmota marmota Linnaeus, 1758 du Pléistocène supérieur dans la province de Côme (Lombardie-Italie du Nord). Étude ostéologique et observations morphométriques]. Bollettino della Società ticinese di Scienze naturali, 90(1-2) : 29-37.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Lombardie, Lombardy, Italie, Italy.

About hundred remains of Marmota marmota L., 1758 from two localities of the Como Province (Bulgaro-grasso and Olgiate Comasco) (Lombardy) are morphologically and osteometrically studied. From the comparison of dental, craniometric and mandibular paramters between the Pleistocene and recent marmots from Parmorari Cave (Borgio, Verezzi, Savona, Liguria Region) and from the pedmont, it has been demonstrated that the Como collection specimens can be included in the recent marmots variability and, more in particular, that they have a smaller size compared to ones of Piedmont. The larger size of the Pleistocene marmots is confirmed, whereas the observed morphologicdifferences between the Como and the Piedmont marmots could be due to the sexual diversity or, more probably, to slight variations.
Vengono studiati morfologicamente e osteometricamente circa 300 reperti di Marmota marmota L., 1758 provenienti da due località della provincia di Como (Bulgarograsso e Olgiate Comasco). Nel confronto fra parametri dentali, craniali e mandibolari con resti di marmotte pleistoceniche provenienti della Grotta dei Parmorari (Borgio Verezzi- Savano) ed attuali (Piemonte), è stato dimostrato che i reperti della collezione comasca possono essere inclusi nella variabilità delle marmotte recenti e che più in particolare, hanno una taglia inferiore rispetto alle peimontesi. È confermata la taglia superiore delle marmotte pleistoceniche, mentre le differenze morfologiche riscontrate fra le marmotte comasche e quelle piemontesi potrebbero dipendre o da diversità sessuale o, più verosimilmente, da leggere variazioni dell'ambiente di vita.

Santini L. 1983. I roditori italiani di interesse agrario e forestale [Les rongeurs italiens d'intérêt agricole et forestier. Italian rodents of agricultural and forest interest]. Monografie CNR AQ/1/232, p. 168, Padova.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, Rodentia, économie, economy, agriculture, Italie, Italy.

Sapegina V.F., Lukyanova I.V., Fomin B.N. 1981. Fleas of small mammals in northern foothills of Altai Mountains and Upper Ob river region [Puces des petits mammifères des piedmonts des monts de l'Altaï et de la région supérieur de l'Ob]. In Maximov A.A. (ed), Biological problems of natural foci, Nauka Publishing House Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, USSR, 167-176.
En russe, in Russian.
Puces, fleas.

Sartbaev S.K. 1960. [Données comparatives sur l'écologie des tiques Haemaphysalis en Kirghizie. Comparative data on ecology of ticks Haemaphysalis in Kirgizia]. Izvst. Akad. Nauk Kirgiz. SSR, Seriya biol., 2(7): 73-85.
En russe, in Russian.
Acariens, Kirghizie, Kirghizia.

Sartbaev S.K. 1975. [Les ectoparasites de rongeurset Laporidae de Kirghizie. Ectoparasites of the rodents and Laporidae of Kirgizia]. Frounze, "Ilim"P.H.: 3-214 .
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, parasitologie, parasitology, Kirghizie, Kirghizia.

Sartorelli P., Calderola S., Sala M., Citterio C. & Lanfranchi P.J. 2004. Seasonal changes in serum metabolites in free-ranging alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) [Changements saisonniers des étabolites du sérum chez les marmottes alpines sauvages]. Comp. Physiol. [B], 174(4): 355-361.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, sang, blood, saisons, seasons, lipides, lipids, protéines, proteins, Suisse, Switzerland.

Circannual changes in serum parameters and body mass were studied in free-ranging Marmota marmota that had been shot in Switzerland (Grisons) for management reasons in May, July, and September of 1995, 1996, and 1997; and in April 1996. Markers of lipid (triglycerides, cholesterol), protein (total protein, urea-nitrogen) and mineral (calcium, inorganic phosphate) metabolism were evaluated in 111 haemolysis-free serum samples; the effects of sex, age, reproductive status, season and year were tested. Mean body mass was higher in adult males than in adult females in July and September, and serum cholesterol concentrations were lower in adult males in May. Pregnant females had lower concentrations of total protein than non-pregnant females, and triglyceride concentrations were negatively correlated with the number of uterine ampullae. Inorganic phosphate decreased and total protein increased with age. In adults, triglycerides, cholesterol and urea-nitrogen increased mainly from May to July and decreased between September and May. Total protein, calcium and phosphate did not change throughout the year. This suggests that, during the active season, ingested lipids and amino acids were utilised for metabolic needs or lipid storage, while in winter, lipids were catabolised and protein was spared. Quantitative differences between years, observed for triglycerides and total protein during the active season, were probably due to different climatic conditions in each year.

Sarzhinski (Sarjinski) V.A. 1963a. K voprosou o pritchinakh otsoutviya sourka v Tchoujskoï stepi [À propos des causes de l'absence de la marmotte des steppes de Tchoujski. On the causes of absence of the marmot in the Tchouzhski steppes]. Izv. Altaïskogo otd. GO SSSR, v.2, Barnaul.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, écologie, ecology.

Sarzhinski V.A 1963b. Zoologitcheskie issledovaniya v tchoumov otchage gornogo Altaya [Recherches zoologiques dans un foyer montagnard de peste de l'Altaï. Zoologic research in a plague focus in the Altai mountains]. Izv. Irkoustskogo PtchI, 25, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Altaï.

Sarzhinski V.A. 1965. Priznaki obitaemosti nor sourkov [Signes d'occupation des terriers de marmottes. Occupancy signs of the marmot burrows]. Mat-Ly 4-naoutch. Konf. prirodnoï otchagovosti i profilaktike tchoumy., Alma-Ata.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, terrier, burrow.

Sarzhinski V.A. 1966. Materialy k epizootoligii tchoumy v Rousskom Altae [Matériaux sur l'épizootologie de la peste dans l'Altaï russe. Material on plague epizootology in Russian Altai]. Izv. Irkout. naoutc.-issled. protivotchmnogo inta Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka, 26.
En russe, in Russian.
Epidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Altaï.

Sarzhinski V.A. 1967. Materialy po razmnojeniyu altaïskogo sourka i dinnokhvostogo souslka v Saïlyugeme (Altaï) [Matériaux sur la répartition de la marmotte de l'Altaï et du souslik à longue-queue en Saïlyugeme. Material on the distribution of the Altai marmot and the long-tailed suslik]. Materialy V naoutch. konfernysii protivotchoumnykh outchejdeniï Sredneï Azii i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata.
Marmota baibacina, répartition, distribution, Altaï.

Sarzhinski V.A. 1980. Promysel sourkov v Altaïskom krae [La chasse professionnelle des marmottes de l'Altaï. Professional hunting of the Altai marmots]. In Sourki. Biotsenotitcheskoe i praktitcheskoe znatchenie, R.P. Zimina & Yu.A. Isakov, M., Naouka, 197-198.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, chasse, hunting, Altaï.

Sarzhinskii V.A. & Fadeev G.S. 1967. [Installations communes de marmottes et de gerbilles dans l'Ili. About the combined settlements of marmots and gerbills in Ili hollow]. Mater. V nauch. konf. protivotchoum. ouchrezhd. Sred. Az. i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata: 134-136.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota.

Sauer Martin 1816. Viaggio fatto per ordine dell' imperatrice di Russia Caterina II, nel Nord della Russia Asiatica, nel mare Glaciale, nel mare d’Anadyr, e sulla costa Nord-Ouest dell’America, dal 1785 fino al 1794 dal commodora Billings [Voyage fait à l’ordre de l’impératice de Russie Caherine II. Travel made by order of the empress Caterin II]. Tipografia Sonzogno e comp., Milano.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmotta, tarbagan.
Pdf

Sauget E. 1998. Les marmottes de la vallée de Chaudefour, Chambon-sur-le-lac (Puy-de-Dôôme). [Alpine Marmots in the Chaudefour Valley (Chambon-sur-le-lac, Puy-de-Dôme, France)].
In 5ème Journée d'Étude sur la Marmotte Alpine, Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. eds.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, réintroduction, re-introduction, Puy-de-Dôme, France.
Pdf

Saunier N. & Geneste M. 1992. La marmotte [The marmot]. Nathan, Paris.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota.

Saurin J-C. 1993. Hépatocarcinome et infection par le virus vhb : étude de l'expression d'oncogènes dans un modèle animal, la Marmotte. Thèse Médecine, Lyon.
Marmota, virus, foie, liver, hépatite, hepatitis.

Saussure Horace-Bénédict de 1786. Voyages dans les Alpes, précédés d'un Essai sur l'histoire naturelle des environs de Genève. Chap. XXIV. Moeurs des habitans de Chamouni, climat de cette vallée, agriculture, &c. p. 144.Chasse aux marmottes, p. 153. Tome second.
Genève, chez Barde : Manget, XVI-641 p. : ill., tabl., Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, géologie, geology, Alpes, Alps, Genève (Suisse, Switzerland), Saussure Horace-Bénédict de 1740-1799.
Extrait pdf Extract

Sautel J., Gagniere S. & Germand 1933. Essais historiques sur le département du Vaucluse. Préhistoire et Protohistoire [Historic essay on the Vauclus department: pehistory and prothistory]. Lyon Ed. Rev., 83 pp.
En français, in French.
Histoire, history, Vaucluse, France.

Savage D.E. 1983. Mammalian paleofaunas of the world [Paléofaunes mammaliennes du monde]. London, pp. 432.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, paléontologie, paleontology.

Savasta F. 1985. Réintroduction de la marmotte sur les hauts plateaux du Vercors (moitié Sud). Premier bilan, dix ans après. [Marmot re-introduction in the upper Vercors plateaux (south part). First results, ten years later]. FRAPNA-Drôme, 1-24.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, réintroduction, reintroduction, France, Drôme.

Savchenko G.A. 1994. Évaluation du régime alimentaire de base par analyse du comportement de Marmota bobac Müll. Foraging base evaluation by means of Marmota bobac Mull. behaviour analysis. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 130-131.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota bobac, éthologie, ethology, alimentation, foraging, végétation, vegetation, Ukraine.

Three types of areas were identified depending on the anthropogenic influence on phytocoenoses (hay-making, grazing): the plots without any hay-making and grazing, the plots characterized by moderate grazing and regular hay-making and those areas which may be identified as active grazing plots. The observation indicated that the population density of marmots attains its maximum within the plots of the third type whereas the plots of the first type are, as a rule, avoided by the animals.
Observations on animals foraging in cages without bottom indicated that their diet was mainly determined by the abundance of various foraging plant species available and to the lesser extent by their phytomass. Marmots may, not "notice" separate plants usually preferred by them as fodder, e.g., some species of Trifolium L., Chichorium intybus L. etc. growing in the nearest vicinity of them. Even when their cage remains stationary on one and the same place the animals eat up no more than 50% of fodder available within this limited area. To compare the phytocoenoses studied for their evaluation as M. bobac foraging base the main fodder plant phytomass was calculated in % or the total aerial phytomass, also taking into in account the diet of parts of the plants (because the latter together with the plants not used as fodder limit the foddder plant accessibility for the animals). This value was: for the first area 10% in 1992 and l8% in 1993, for the second area 22% and 19%, respectively, 38% and 52% for the third one. It allows to suggest that the third type of areas was the most attractive for M. bobac. This was confirmed by the highest population density and breeding of animals within the areas of active grazing and the tendency of the animals to use similar areas as foraging base. Alternatively, marmots may use agrocoenoses (kitchen-gardens, crops, etc.).

Savchenko G.A. & Ronkin V.I. 1997a. Ispol'zovanie territorii stepnogo sourkom: predvaritel'nye rezoultaty [Utilisation du territoire par la marmotte des steppes : résultats préliminaires]. In Vozrojdenie stepnogo sourka, Tokarsky V.A. & Roumiantsev V.Iu., Izdatel'stvo ABF, Moskva, 36-39.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, territoire, territory.

Savchenko G.A. & Ronkin V.I. 1997b.Territorial use of Marmot bobac Müll. [Utilisation du territoire chez la Marmota bobac]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobrazniya (Holartic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mejdunarodnaya Konferentsiya po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov (III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts], 89 (Russian), 189 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobac, territoire, territory.

Savchenko G.A & Ronkin V.I. 2005. Dependence of bobak marmot’s period of hibernation on conditions of fodder resources. Zavisimost’srokov zaleganiya v spyatchkou stepnogo sourka ot sostoyaniya kormovykh resoursov. [Dépendance de la période d’hibernation de la marmotte bobak aux conditions des ressources en fourrage]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 108-109.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobak, hibernation, ressource, resource.
Periods of bobak marmot's hibernation were studied in the area under study 1999 through 2004 (village Nesterivka, Velikoburluk district, the Kharkov province). A main criterion was appearance of external plugs in the wintering holes. Long-term observations showed that hibernation in the colony under study that inhabited sites with different fodder capacity began in different time. The first to begin hibernation (in the first half of September) were the animals inhabiting sites with no livestock grazing. Hibernation of the animals begins in relatively the same time and does not depend on weather conditions. Hibernation is preceded by a period during which vegetation gets dry. The last to close are holes located at places of livestock grazing and having the most favorable fodder conditions, as we earlier noticed (Ronkin, Savchenko, 1993, 1996, 1999). In this case hibernation is preceded by a period of poor vegetation. When autumn is dry hibernation begins within a shorter period (from the beginning to the end of October), than when autumn is wetter (from the beginning of October to the end of November). Change offodder conditions at the same site affects the beginning of hibernation. Hibernation of marmots in any habitat is preceded by at least a two-week period with un favorable fodder conditions, which, probably, gives warning of the forthcoming beginning of hibernation. Even if such a period is followed by that of intense vegetation marmots get dormant, anyway. If fodder conditions are stable (in case of evenly wet autumn) the period of activity for some animals may last before the third ten-day period of November. The beginning of hibernation may serve as criterion of favorable fodder conditions. Dynamics of the beginning of hibernation reflects ratio of "family plots" quantity with various fodder conditions and the difference in fodder conditions between the "plots".
Russian PDF russe

Savchenko G.A., Ronkin V.I. & Tokarski V.A. 1996. Otrabotka metodiki izoutcheniya povedeniya stepnogo sourka s ispol'zovaniem individoual'nogo metcheniya jivotnikh [Tentative d'étude du comportement de la marmotte des steppes par marquage individuel. Essay of behavioural study of the steppe marmot with individual marking]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 76.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, éthologie, ethology, méthodologie, methodology.

Savchenko G.A. & Ronkin V.I. 1999. Bliyanie vypasa na plochtchal' individoual'nykh outchastkov stepnogo sourka (Marmota bobak Müll). Effect of cattle pasture on home-range size of the steppe marmot (Marmota bobak Müll.) in northern Ukraine [Effet du pâturage sur la taille du domaine vital de la marmotte des steppes (Marmota bobak Müll.) en Ukraine du nord. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 86-88.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, pâturage, pasture, domaine vital, home range.

The study was carried out in 1994-1998 at a stationary site (about 90 km to the Northeast of Kharkov). 75 steppe marmots including 22 adult females and 34 adult males were captured and tagged. Eartags were used for a long-term identification. In search for additional possibilities of a reliable identification of marmots during all their lifetime we revealed on soles and finger phalanges in marmots of our stationary site some light-colored spots, the number, shape and location of which are probably of individual nature. Claws and fur round paws are often also of light color or absolutely white. Photos and detailed data in the field register book concerning the number, shape and location of depigmented parts of skin and fur, claw coloration,etc. permitted to identify the marmots which have lost their plastic tags (the ears of such animals bear characteristic holes). Out of 57 captured adult animals (including the repeatedly trapped ones) 45 marmots (79%) used the territory round the burrow of their capture, 7 (12%) were observed on the territories at different distances from places of their trapping and 5 marmots (9%) were never met again at the tagging site.
The size of individual home-ranges were calculated using 95% confidence ellipses on the basis of the ELLIPS program developed by A.T. Terekhin, A.A. Nikol'skii and V.Yu. Rumiantsev. The comparison of result was performed w The average individuals home-range size at the territory with a low anthropogenic pressure was 24985 m² (from 9254 to 35573 m²). The individual center activity bias (for different animals) between the first and the second intervals ranged from 15 to 43 m. The home-range size of adult animals on the territory with moderate anthropogenic influence was on average 9622 m² (from 3593 to 15495 m²) i.e. , 3.6 times less than in the firt case. The activity center bias varied between the intervals from 4 to 31 m. Similar values were registered for the territory of high anthropogenic pressure: the average size equalled 6124 m² (from 1899 to 15534 m²), the activity center bias was from 4 to 20 m.
The number of adult animals whose individual home ranges partially overlapped (more than by 50%) was from 2 to 5 (3 on the average). Individual home ranges on the territory of low anthropogenic pressure are more stable and occupy larger areas than those on territory of moderate or high anthropogenic influence. The activity center bias is also a highest one on the territory of the first type, which reflects the fact of a seasonal using burrows of different biological destination by animals as well as their choosing foraging areas with different vegetational associations. The size of individual home ranges is, most probably, connected with the mutual dislocation of foraging areas and permanent burrows.

Savinetskii A.B. 1993. K historii rasprostraneniya sourka v europeiskoj tachasti Rossii. [Vers l'histoire de l'expansion de la marmotte dans la partie européenne de la Russie]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 34.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, histoire, history, Russie, Russia.

Savinova E.N. & Khmel'kov N.T. 1996. Sovremennoe sostoyanie reliktovoï popoulyatsii baïbaka (Marmota bobac Mull.) v Toïsinskom zakaznike Batyrevskogo raïona tchouvachskoï respoubliki [Etat actuel de la population relicte de marmotte bobac dans la réserve de Toïsinski de la région de Batyrevski, république Tchouvache. Present status of the relict population of bobac marmot in the Toïsinski reserve in the Batyrevski region in Chuvash Republic]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 74-75.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, réserve, Batyrevski, République Tchouvache, Chuvash Republic.

Savinova E.N. & Khmel'kov N.T. 1997. Population of steppe marmot (Marmota bobac Mü.) in Batyrevsky district of Chuvash Republik [Population de marmotte des teppe (M. bobac) dans le district de Batyrevski de la République Tchouvache]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobrazniya (Holartic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsiya po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov (III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts], 88 (Russian), 188 (English).
En russe et en anglais.
Marmota bobac, réserve, Batyrevski, République Tchouvache, Chuvash Republic.

Savitch O.V. 1981. [Propositions pour promouvoir la recherche scientifique et la protection des biocénoses des reserves naturelles. Proposals on upgrading scientific researches and protection of biocenoses in Nature Reserves]. State and prospects of nature reserve studies in the USSR, Abstracts of Reports to the All-Union Conf. Moscow, 1981. P. 27-30.
En russe, in Russian.
Conservation, URSS, USSR.

Sautel 1933. p. 83. In Chaline 1972.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology.

Savinetskizh (Savinetskij) A.B. 1993. K historii rasprostraneniya sourka v europeiskoï tachasti Rossii [Vers l'histoire de l'expansion de la marmotte dans la partie européenne de la Russie. Towards the history of marmot increase in the European part of Russia]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 34.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, histoire, history, Russie, Russia.

Scalander J.A. 1979. A guide to Arkansas mammals [Guide des mammifères de l'Arkansas]. River Road Press, Conway, Arkansas. 313pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, marmotte commune ou américaine, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Tennessee.

Scalon V.N. 1935. Nekotorye materialy k faoune mlekopitayuchtchikh Vitimo-Olekminskogo natsional'nogo okrouga [Quelques données sur les mammifères de la région du Vitim-Olemkinsk. Some materials on fauna of mammals in Vitim-Olemkinsk region]. Izv. Irkout. naoutch.-issled. protivotchoumnogo in-ta Sibir i Dal'nego Vostoka, 2: 118-130.
En russe, in Russian.

Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, Vitim-Olemkinsk, Russie, Russia.

Scalon V.I. 1936. Dalinejshie issledovaniya po sistematike i biologii mlekopitayuchtchikh Zabaïkaliskogo endemitchnogo otchaga tchoumy. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 4, M, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Transbaïkalie, Transbaikalia.

Scalon V.I. 1950a. O sourkakh Gorno-Altaïskogo avtonomnoï oblasti. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 8, Irkoutsk.

En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibicina, Russie, Altaï, Marmota bobak ognevi Scalon, 1950, SW Altai.

Scalon V.I. 1950b. Nekotorye zametchaniya po istorii sourkov. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 8, Irkoutsk.

En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, histoire, history.

Scalon V.I. 1950c. O Nezakontchennykh troudak N.T. Bykova po tarbaganou. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 8, Irkoutsk.

En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica.

Scalon V.I. 1950d. Rasprostranenie sourkov v yuzhnykh raïonakh Touvinskoï avtononoï oblasti. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 8, Irkoutsk.

En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, distribution, Russie, Russia, Touva.

Scalon V.I. , Chtcherbokov I.P. & Bazykin M.A. 1941. Novye materialy po rasprostraneniyu mlekopitayuchtchikh v Yakoutii. Priroda i sots. khoz-vo, sb. 8, 2.

En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, distribution, Russie, Russia, Yakoutie, Yakutia.

Scalon V.I. & Bannikov A.G. 1950. Geografitcheskoe rasprostranenie sibirskogo tarbagana [Répartition géographique des marmottes tarbagans de Sibérie. Geographical distribution of the tarbagans marmots of Siberia]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 8, Irkoutsk.

En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, biogéographie, biogeography, distribution, Sibérie, Siberia.

Scalon V.I. & Tabarov P.P. 1946. K izoutcheniiu pritchin i mekhanizma tchoumoï apizootii v Mongolii i Zabaïkalbe [Recherches des causes et mécanismes épizootiques de la peste en Mongolie et Transbaïkalie. Research of causes and mechanisms of plague in Mongolia and Cis-Baikal]. Outch. zap. Mongoliskogo gos. oun-ta, 2, Oulan-Bator.

En russe, in Russian.
Épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Russie, Russia, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Scaramella 1986. Animali da pellicia [Les animaux à fourrures. Fur animals]. Ed. Edagricole, Bologna, 207-215.
En italien, in Italia.

Fourrure, fur.

Scaravelli D. & Gazzani V. 2003. La marmotta (Marmota marmota) nel Parco Regionale della Lessinia (Vr-Vi) [La marmotte (Marmota marmota) du Parc Régional de Lessonia. The marmot (Marmota marmota) of the regional Park of Lessinia]. IV Convegno dei faunisti veneti.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, Vénétie, Venetia, Italie, Italy.

Scaravelli D. & Gazzani V. 2004. Considerazione su Marmota marmota nelle Alpi centro orientali dall'esempio dell'area dell’altopiano dei Lessini (Mammalia, Rodentia). XXXV Congresso Biogeografia delle Alpi e Prealpi centro-orientali, Rabbi (TN) 6-9 settembre 2004, Poster.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, Vénétie, Alpes, Alps, Venetia, Italie, Italy.

Scarry John F. & Scarry C. Margaret 1997. Subsistence Remains from Prehistoric North Carolina Archaeological Sites [Fossiles subsistants dans les sites préhistorique et archéologique de Caroline du Nord]. North Carolina archeology, en ligne / on line http://www.arch.dcr.state.nc.us/subsist/subsis.htm
En anglais, in English.
Mammals
Forty-nine taxa of mammals have been identified in collections from North Carolina archaeological sites. Many of these were of economic importance. Economically important species include members of the deer family (elk [Cervus canadensis] and white-tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus]), rodents (beaver [Castor canadensis], woodchuck [Marmota monax], muskrat [Ondatra zibethica], and squirrels [Sciurus sp.]), rabbits (Sylvilagus sp.), the opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), the raccoon (Procyon lotor), and the black bear (Ursus americanus), all of which were used as food sources. Other economically important species provided skins (e.g., many of carnivores such as the wolf [Canis lupus], the puma [Felis concolor], the bobcat [Lynx rufus], the otter [Lutra canadensis], mink/weasel [Mustela sp.], and fox [Urocyon cinereoargenteus]). Species that contributed food also provided hides as well.
Three domesitcated mammals have been identified from archaeological sites in North Carolina. One is the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris). The other two species were domesticated in the Old World and introduced to North Carolina by early European colonists. These species are the cow (Bos taurus) and the pig (Sus scrofa).

Some of the taxa that have been identified in archaeological deposits represent commensal species whose presence in the archaeological record are probably the result of accidental incorporation as a result of their presence in the prehistoric communities. Among these are probably forms such as shrews (Blarina sp.), rats and mice (families Cricetidae and Muridae), and voles (Microtus sp.).

Scehovic J. 1979. Prévision de la digestibilité de la matière organique et de la quantité ingérée des graminées, sur la base de leur composition chimique [Digestibility anticipatation of herbs on the basis of their chemical constitution]. Fourrages, 789: 57-78.
En français, in French.
Graminés, herbs, prairie, meadow, composition chimique, chemical constitution.

Scehovic J. 1982. Estimation de la valeur alimentaire du fourrage des prairies naturelles sur la base de sa composition chimique [Assessment of food value of forage of natural meadows on the basis of its chemical constitution]. Revue suisse d'Agriculture, 14 : 21-25.
En français, in French.
Prairie, meadow, composition chimique, chemical constitution.

Scehovic J. 1988. Métabolites secondaires de quelques plantes de prairies [Secondary metabolites. of some meadow plants]. Recherches agronomiques en Suisse, 27 : 153-165.
En français, in French.
Prairie, meadow, composition chimique, chemical constitution.

Scehovic J. 1990. Tanins et autres polymères phénoliques dans les plantes de prairies : détermination de leur teneur et de leur activité biologique [Tannins and other phenolic polymeres in meadow plants: determination of its content and its biological activity]. Revue suisse d'Agriculture, 22 : 179-184.
En français, in French.
Prairie, meadow, composition chimique, chemical constitution.

Scehovic 1991. Considérations sur la composition chimique dans l’évaluation de la qualité des fourrages des prairies naturelles [Considerations on the chemical constitution in the assessment of forage quality of natural meadows]. Revue suisse d'Agriculture, 23 : 305-310.
En français, in French.
Prairie, meadow, composition chimique, chemical constitution.

Schaefer H. 1935. Studien am Mitteleuropaïschen Kleinsäugern mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Rassenbildung. Arch. fur Nat. N.F., 4 : 535-590.
En allemand, in German.
Europe.

Schaefer H. 1936. "In den Karpaten gibt es keine Murmeltiere mehr?" eine Entgegnung. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 113, 334p.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, Carpates, Carapthians.

Schaeffer E., Snyder R.L. & Sninsky J.J. 1986. Identification and localization of pre-s-encoded polypeptides from woodchuck and ground squirrel hepatitis viruses. J. Virol., 57(1): 173-182.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, écureuils terrestres, hépatite, hepatitis.

A segment from the pre-s region of the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) was inserted into an open reading frame vector allowing for the expression in Escherichia coli of viral determinants as part of a fusion protein. The bacterially synthesized fusion molecule contained eight amino acids from beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) at the N terminus, followed by 89 pre-s-encoded amino acids and 219 amino acids of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) at the C terminus (beta-gal:pre-s:CAT). This tribrid protein was used to generate antiserum which had a significant titer to the viral portion of the fusion polypeptide. Anti-beta-gal:pre-s:CAT was used in Western blot analysis to identify viral proteins containing pre-s-encoded determinants. Antiserum to the tribrid molecule recognized four WHV polypeptides with molecular masses of 33, 36, 45, and 47 kilodaltons, each of which was also recognized by a monoclonal antibody to WHV surface antigen. Using the same anti-tribrid serum, we also identified analogous polypeptides from ground squirrel hepatitis virus. The antiserum was also used to immunoprecipitate virus particles containing endogenous DNA polymerase activity, indicating that pre-s determinants are found on the surface of mature virions. Based on previous computer studies and the location of pre-s-encoded molecules on the surface of virus particles, a role in hepadnavirus host cell entry is suggested for these polypeptides.

Schaer J.-P., Veyrete P., Favaerger C., Du Chatenet G., Hainard R. & Paccaud O. Guide du naturaliste dans les Alpes [Guidebook of the naturalist in the Alps]. Delachaux et Niestlé.
En français, in French.

Schaffer J. 1940. Die Hautdrüsenorgane der Saügertiere mit besonderer rücksiichtigung ihres histologischen Aufbaues un Bemerkungen die Proktodäal drüsen [Les glandes cutanées des mammifères. Skin glands of mammals]. Urban und Schwarzenburg, Berlin un W.
En allemand, in German.
Mammifères, mammals, Mammalia, histologie, histology, glandes cutanées, skin glands.

Description in great detail of the face gland of M. marmota.

Schaller G.B. 1977. Mountain Monarchs [Les monarques des montagnes]. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago.
En anglais, in English.
Aquila chrysaetos, prédation, predation.

Schaller G.B. 1998. Wildlife of the Tibetan Steppe [Vie sauvage de la steppe thib»taine]. Univ. Chicago Pr., Chicago. 374 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Faune sauvage, wildlife, Tibet.

Schaller G.B., Li H., Talipu B., Lu H., Ren J., Qiu M. & Wang H. 1987. Status of Large Mammals in the Taxkorgan Reserve, Xinjiang, China [Statut des grands mammifères dans la réserve de Taxkorgan, Xinjiang, Chine]. Biological Conservation, 42(1): 53-72.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota himalayana, Uncia uncia, léopard des neiges, Capra sibirica, bouquetin de l'Himalaya, Himalayan ibex, Pseudois nayaur, bouc bleu, blue sheep, loup, wolf, prédation, predation, bois de chauffe, fuelwood, steppe aride, arid steppe, Chine, China.
A status survey of large mammals was conducted in the western half of China's 14,000 km-2 Taxkorgan Reserve. About 7750 people 70,000 domestic animals inhabit the reserve. Only one viable population of fewer than 150 Marco Polo sheep survives, and it appears to be augmented by adult males from Russia and Afghanistan during the winter rut. Ibex occur primarily in the western part of the reserve and blue sheep sbd the most abundant wild ungulate sbd in the eastern and southeastern parts. The two species overlap in the area of contact. Counts in selected mountain blocks totalling 1445 km-2 within the reserve revealed an average wild ungulate density of 0.34 animals km-2. Snow leopard were rare, with possibly 50-75 in the reserve, as were wolves and brown bear. The principal spring food of snow leopard was blue sheep (60%) and marmot (29%). Local people have greatly decimated wildlife, killing wild ungulates for meat and predators to protect livestock. Overgrazing by livestock and overuse of shrubs for fuelwood is turning this arid steppe habitat into desert. There is no need to place restraints on the killing of wildlife, to introduce appropriate technology such as solar cookers, and to encourage occupations that remove people from the land sbd trade, manufacture of handcrafts, and activities associated with tourism.

Schaller G.B., Tserendeleg J. & Amarsana G. 1994. Observations on snow leopards in Mongolia [Observations des léopards des neiges en Mongolie]. In Proceedings of the 7th international snow leopard symposium, Xining, Qinghai, People's Republic of China Joseph L.F. & Du Jizeng (eds), 7: 33-42.
En anglais, in English.
Uncia uncia, léopard des neiges, snow leopard, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Schambach A., Bohne J., Baum C., Hermann F.G., Egerer L., von Laer D. & Giroglou T. 2006. Woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element deleted from X protein and promoter sequences enhances retroviral vector titer and expression. Gene Ther., 13(7): 641-645.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, hépatite, hepatitis.

Introduction of the post-transcriptional regulatory element (PRE) of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) into the 3' untranslated region of retroviral and lentiviral gene transfer vectors enhances both titer and transgene expression. Optimal use of the PRE is often necessary to obtain vectors with sufficient performance for therapeutic applications. The enhancing activity of the PRE depends on the precise configuration of its sequence and the context of the vector and cell into which it is introduced. However, data obtained in the context of WHV-associated hepatocellular carcinomas suggests that the PRE might potentially contribute to tumorigenesis, especially if encoding a truncated version of the WHV X protein. Oncogenic side effects of lentiviral vectors containing the PRE have reinforced these safety concerns, although a causal role of the PRE remained unproven. Here, we demonstrate that PRE mutants can be generated that are devoid of X protein open reading frames (ORFs) as well as other ORFs exceeding 25 amino acids, without significant loss of RNA enhancement activity. Furthermore, the X protein promoter could be deleted without compromising the enhancement of vector titers and transgene expression. Such a modified PRE sequence appears useful for future vector design.

Schäff E. 1887. Beitrag zur genaueren Kenntnis der diluvailen Murmeltiere. Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, 53 : 118-130.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, quaternary.

Il considère que Arctomys primigenius n'est qu'une variante d'Arctomys marmota.

Schärfe G.P. 1989. Sciuridae (Rodentia, Mammalia) aus dem Altpleitstozän von Deutsch-Altenburg (Niederösterreich). Endbericht über das Projekt P 609 E des FWF, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Montanuniversität Leoben: 1-146.
En allemand, in German.
Sciuridae, Allemagne, Germany.

Scharff R. 1895. Étude sur les Mammifères de la région holarctique et leurs relations avec ceux des régions voisines [Mammal study in the holarctic region and their relationships with neighbrouring regions]. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr., 436-472.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, mammals, biogéographie, biogeography, Holarctique, Holarctic.

Scharff R.F. 1907. European animals: Their geological history and geographical distribution [Les animaux d'Europe : histoire géologique et distribution]. London: Constable & Co., i-xiv+1-258 pages,.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Europe.

Scharffer J. 1940. Die Hautdrüsenorgane der Säugetiere [Les organes glandulaires de la peau des mammifères. The glandular organs of mammal skin]. Berlin u. Wien (p. 118-123).
En allemand, in German.
Glandes, glands, Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, peau, skin.

Schaub S. 1958. Simplicidentata (=Rodentia). In Traité de paléontologie, J. Piveteau Ed., 6(2) : 659-818, Masson, Paris.
En français, in French.
Rodentia, paléontologie, paleontology.

Schechter E.M., Summers J. & Ogston C.W. 1988. Characterization of a herpesvirus isolated from woodchuck hepatocytes. J. Gen. Virol., 69 ( Pt 7): 1591-1599.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, herpès, herpes, virus, hépatite, hepatitis.

A DNA virus with the characteristics of a herpesvirus has been isolated from woodchuck hepatocytes cultured in vitro. We refer to this virus as herpesvirus of marmots (HVM). Electron microscopy of thin sections of HVM-infected cells showed nucleocapsids with a hexagonal outline and a diameter of 80 nm. Enveloped virions were seen in cytoplasmic vacuoles and outside the cell. Negatively stained virus particles purified from cell supernatants were enveloped with the characteristic appearance of herpesviruses. The DNA was double-stranded with a molecular size of approximately 140 kb and a G + C content of 73%. The virus replicated with a lytic effect in kidney cells of owl monkeys and African green monkeys, baby hamster kidney cells, feline kidney cells and WCH-17, a cell line derived from a woodchuck hepatoma. An indirect immunofluorescence assay has shown the presence of antibody to HVM in seven out of 37 animals tested. An important reason for studying HVM lies in its possible role in infection or the disease produced by woodchuck hepatitis virus, an animal model for human hepatitis B virus.

Scheffer V.B. 1949. Mammals of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington [Mammifères of tyhe Olympic peninsula]. Olympic National park files, Port Angeles, Washington, 130 p.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota olympus, Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia.

Schepin S.G. 2002. [Nombre des tarabagan à Bouriatie. Situation with number of tarbagan in Buryatia]. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 70.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, dénombrement, census, Bouriatie, Buriatia.

Scherpenzeel-Thim Van M.L. 1901. Foire de Nijni-Novgorod. Fourrures [Trade fair of Nizhni-Novgorod. Furs]. Bulletin de la Société royale belge de géographie, 293-297.
En français, in French.
Ethnologie, ethnology, fourrure, fur, marmotte, marmot, p. 295.
pdf

Scheuczero Johanne Jacobs 1727. Muris alpini anatome [Antomie de Muris alpini. Anatomy of Muris alpini]. Philos. Transact., 34(397): 237-243.
En latin, in Latin.
Marmota marmota, anatomie, anatomy.
pdf

Schildgen O., Fiedler M., Dahmen U., Li J., Lohrengel B., Lu M. & Roggendorf M. 2006. Fluctuation of the cytokine expression in the liver during the chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection is not related to viral load. Immunology letters (Immunol. Lett.), 102(1): 31-37.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, hépatite, hepatitis, interféron, interferon.

The woodchuck together with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) is an excellent model to study the pathogenesis of hepadnaviral infections. Chronic WHV infection causes severe liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in woodchucks. The mechanism of viral clearance is not fully understood, interferons seem to play a major role in down-regulating viral replication prior to elimination of infected hepatocytes. We investigated on the pattern of cytokine and T-cell-marker expression in livers of woodchucks chronically infected with WHV. RNase-protection-assay (RPA) was used to determine mRNA of woodchuck specific genes (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-15, CD3, CD4, CD8). Serial liver biopsies were performed daily or weekly in eight chronic WHV-carrier woodchucks. Cytokine/T-cell-marker expression differed significantly between the time points up to +/-50% within each woodchuck. The different expression patterns of cytokines or T-cell-markers did not correlate to the (weak) fluctuations in the viremia but may explain the observed fluctuations in the WHV/HBV-load in chronically infected individuals. Furthermore, we observed associations between cytokine and T-cell-marker expression. The marginal fluctuations in viremia during the chronic infection may indicate, that, once the chronic hepadnaviral infection is established, cytokines/interferons expressed endogenously (i.e. not vector-borne or injected) play only a minor role.

Schilling Detlef, Singer Detlef & Diller Helmut 1986. Guide des mammifères d'Europe [Handbook of mammals of Europe]. Delachaux & Niestlé. Marmottes, 132-134.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, Marmota marmota, Marmota bobac, Europe.

Schinz H. R. 1783-1786. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Schveizerlandes [Contribution à la connaissance des pays suisses. Contribution to the knowledge of the Swiss lands]. J. Caspar Fuessly, Zurich.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, consommation, feeding, Suisse, Switzerland.

« Dès que j’eus acheté la marmotte, je priai mon hôte de me préparer le meilleur morceau pour le dîner. Je dépouillai moi-même l’animal en plein air et le disséquai. La graisse semblable à du lard, abondante au niveau du dos, et l’odeur particulièrement fauve et désagréable, éveillèrent en moi un dégoût que seule ma curiosité vis-à-vis de la nature de ces étonnantes créatures me permit de surmonter. Les habitants des Alpes considèrent la marmotte comme une friandise ; ils en salent la viande et la consomment fumée. Préparée de cette façon, je l’ai mangée jadis dans le Haut valais et l’ai appréciée. Le sel retire l’odeur repoussante de la graisse rance. Une autre fois, j’ai fait cuire pour moi un animal que j’avais dépouillé, mais autant ma convoitise avait été grande, autant j’éprouvai de la répugnance dès que j’y eus goûté. »

Schlafer D., Bryant N. & Concannon P. 1995. Proliferative decidual cell reaction in uteri of Marmota monax following surgical insemination [Réaction proliférative des cellules déciduales de l'utérus des Marmota monax suite à insémination chirurgicale]. American College of Veterinary Pathologists, 46th Annual Meeting. Vet. Pathol., 32 : 10-18, Atlanta, Georgia.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, utérus, uteri, insémination, insemination.

Schlenker Hanna 1995. The story of Grunter the ground-hog. Waterloo, Ont., 63 p.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, littérature enfantine, Juvenile literature.

Schmarda Ludwig Karl 1853. Die geographische Verbreitung der Thiere [De la répartition géographique des animaux. Geographical spreading of animals]. C. Gerold und sohn, Wien.
En allemand, in German.
Arctomys bobac, Arctomys alpinus, Arctomys marmota. Arctomys monax.
pdf

Schmeltz L.L. & WhitakerJ.O. JR. 1977. Use of woodchuck burrows by woodchucks and other mammals [Utilisation des terriers de marmotte commune par les marmottes et d'autres mammifères]. Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci., 38(1-2): 79-82.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, terrier, burrow, conservation.

Schmidt E. 1972. Atlas of animals bones [Atlas des os des animaux]. Elsevier Publishing Company, New York, NY, 159 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Os, bones.

Schmitt Dave N., Madsen David B. & Lupo Karen D. 2002. Small-Mammal Data on Early and Middle Holocene Climates and Biotic Communities in the Bonneville Basin, USA. Quaternary Research, 58(3): 255-260.
Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot, Brachylagus idahoensis, Pygmy rabbits, lapin d'Idaho, Lepus townsendii, lièvre de Townsend, white-tailed jack rabbit, Lepus californicus, lièvre de Californie, black-tailed jack rabbit, Neotoma lepida, desert wood rat, Reithrodontomys megalotis, souris occidentale des moissons, western harvest mouse, Holocène, Holocene, Paléontologie, paleontology, Utah, EUA, USA.
Archaeological investigations in Camels Back Cave, western Utah, recovered a series of small-mammal bone assemblages from stratified deposits dating between ca. 12,000 and 500 14C yr B.P. The cave's early Holocene fauna includes a number of species adapted to montane or mesic habitats containing grasses and/or sagebrush (e.g., Lepus townsendii, Marmota flaviventris, Reithrodontomys megalotis, and Brachylagus idahoensis) which suggest that the region was relatively cool and moist until after 8800 14C yr B.P. Between ca. 8600 and 8100 14C yr B.P. these mammals became locally extinct, taxonomic diversity declined, and there was an increase in species well-adapted to xeric, low-elevation habitats, including ground squirrels, Lepus californicus and Neotoma lepida. The early small-mammal record from Camels Back Cave is similar to the 11,300-6000 14C yr B.P. mammalian sequence from Homestead Cave, northwestern Utah, and provides corroborative data on Bonneville Basin paleoenvironments and mammalian responses to middle Holocene desertification.

Schmidt O. Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie, LIII(I) : 256.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, terrier, burrow, Graz, Autriche, Austria.

Schmittgen O. & Wagner W. 1928. Eine altpalaeolithische Jagdstelle bei Wolterheim in Rheinhessen. Notizblatt des Vereins für Erdkunde und der hessischen geol. Landesanst. zu Darmstadt.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, palontology.

Schmitzeberger Simone & Theinhardt Volker (illustration) 1993. Bonne nuit, marmottes [Good night, marmots]. Rennes, Bayard, 47 p.
En français, in French.
Littérature enfantine, juvenile literature, hibernation.

Schnapp B. 1963. The mammals of the Rumanian People Republic [Les mammifères de la République Populaire de Roumanie]. Trav. Mus. hist. nat. "Grigore Antipa", Buc., (4) : 473-496.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, Marmota marmota, Roumanie.

Schnorf A. 1963. Sur un gisement de marmottes dans le quaternaire du Pied du Jura vaudois [On a marmot deposit in the quaternary of the mountain foot of the Vaud Jura]. Bull. Soc. vaud. Sc. nat., 68 : 291-293.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Quaternaire, Quaternary, Suisse, Switzerland, Vaud.

Schocher Bartholome 1939. Herrliche Alpentiere [Magnifique faune des Alpes. The wonderful fauna of the Alps]. Rotapfel-Verlag, Erlenbach-Zürich, 133p.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, faunistique, fauna.

Schocher B. 1946. Murmeli. Erlebnisse mit Alpenmurmeltieren [Expériences avec les marmottes des Alpes. Experiences with the alpine marmots]. Rotapfel Verlag. Zurich, pp. 96.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, Alpes, Alps.

Schodel F., Neckermann G., Peterson D., Fuchs K., Fuller S., Will H. & Roggendorf M. 1993. Immunization with recombinant woodchuck hepatitis virus nucleocapsid antigen or hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid antigen protects woodchucks from woodchuck hepatitis virus infection. Vaccine, 11(6): 624-628.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, immunisation, immunization.

Woodchucks were immunized with recombinant woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) nucleocapsid antigen (WHcAg) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) nucleocapsid antigen (HBcAg) and challenged with 10(6) WHV ID50. Six out of six woodchucks immunized with WHcAg and four out of six immunized with HBcAg were protected from WHV infection. Woodchucks immunized with WHcAg or HBcAg developed high serum antibody titres against WHcAg or HBcAg. Antibodies against WHc and HBc displayed little cross-reactivity (< 1%). this confirms and extends previous reports of protection against homologous challenge after immunization with hbcag/whcag which are both internal viral antigens. as the dominant b-cell epitope(s) on particulate whcag and hbcag appear not to be conserved it also demonstrates that antibodies against hbcag/whcag are not important for this protection. woodchucks immunized with whcag/hbcag reacted with a fast serum antibody response against viral envelope proteins upon challenge with whv, indicative of functional intrastructural/intermolecular t-cell help as one potential mechanism of protection after immunization with an internal viral antigen.

Schoener T.W. 1971. Theory of feeding strategies [Théorie des stratégies alimentaires]. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 2: 369-404.
En anglais, in English.
Alimentation, foraging, théorie, theory.

Schoolcraft Henry Rowe 1856. The myth of Hiawatha, and other oral legends, mythologic and allegoric, of the North American indians [Le mythe de Hiawatha et autres légendes orales, mythologiques ou allégoriques des indiens d'Amérique du Nord]. J.B. Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia, Trübner & Co, London.
En anglais, in English.
Ethnologie, ethnology, amerindiens, Amerindians, légendes, legends, Groundhog.

Schoomaker W.J. 1936. The value of woodchucks [La valeur des marmottes communes]. Nature, 27(5): 302-303.
En anglais, in English. Marmota monax, gestion, management.

Schoomaker W.J. 1938. The woodchuck: lord of the clover field [La marmotte des bois : maître du champ de trèfle]. Bull. Dept. Agric. Report, pp. 104.
En nglais, in English.
Marmota monax rufescens, États-Unis d'Amérique, New York, économie, economy.

Schoomaker W.J. 1966. The world of the woodchuck [Le monde de la marmotte des bois]. L.b. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia & New York, 146 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax.

Schreber 1775. History of Quadrupeds [Histoire des Quadrupèdes].
En anglais, in English.

Schreber 1780. Die Saügethiere.... Arctomys.
En allemand, in German.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, Marmota, Arctomys.

Schreber 1792.Säugethiere [Mammfifères]. vol. iv, p. 721.
En allemand, in German.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, Marmota, Arctomys.

Scheuczer Johann Jakob 1727. The anatomy of the mus alpinus or marmot [L'anatomie de Mus alpinus ou marmotte]. Phil. trans., 397 et Phil. trans. abridg. 7.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmot, anatomie, anatomy, Scheuczer Johann Jakob 1672-1733, Dr. med., Universalgelehrter; Zürich.

Commentateur d'Aldrovande et de Gessner. Anatomie.
Quant aux autres naturalistes, dont j'ai pu consulter les uvres jusqu'à Schreuczer exclusivement, ce ne sont que des copistes d'Aldrovande et par conséquent de Gessner. Schreuczer est surtout un anatomiste : ses recherches portent principalement sur l'utérus et sur l'ovaire de la Marmotte : il constate l'apparition des ovules pendant le sommeil hivernal, et fait d'assez nombreuses remarques anatomiques, sans intérêt particulier, sur les reins, les vaisseaux, l'intestin et les muscles. Il pense que la graisse fluide est absorbée pendant l'hiver et contribue à la sécrétion de la bile, dont la vésicule est pleine. Le pancréas est très développé ainsi que les autres glandes du corps, et spécialement celles qui sont le long des muscles (glandes hivernales?). Cet aspect des parties glandulaires est dû au manque de sérum ou de lymphe dans le sang de l'animal. Dans le duodénum il y a beaucoup de bile mousseuse, autre preuve, selon lui, de la diminution du sérum. Appendice, Dubois, 1896a.

Schumacher E. 1911. Bemerkungen über die fauna des löss von Achenheim im besonderen über die lager von Ziesel und Murmeltier [Observations sur la faune du loess d'Achenheim, en particulier du gisement de spermophiles et de marmottes]. Mitt. geol. Land. Anst. Els-Loth., 7 : 324-342.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, paleontology, paléontologie, paleontology.

Schumacher von Marienfrid S. 1939. Jagd und Biologie. Ein Grundriss der Willkunde [Chasse et biologie. Hunting and biology]. Berlin. Chasse.
En allemand, in German.

Schwalbe G. 1904. Über das Gehirnrelief des Schädels bei Säugetieren [Sur les traces du cerveau des crânes des Mammifères]. Zeitschr. Morphol. Anthrop., VII 203-222, pls. ii, iii, 4 text-figs.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, cerveau, brain, crâne, skull.

Schwarze 1879. Ueber das Vorkommen fossiler Knochen am Unkelstein [Sur le gisement d'os fossiles d'Unkelstein. On the deposit of sossil bones of Unkelstein]. Verh. naturhist. Ver. preuss. Rheinld. Westf., 36: 107-142.
En allemand, in German.
Arctomys marmotta Schreb. (113), paléontologie, paleontology.

Schwarz A.V. 1987. [Les puces du nord de la Kirghizie et leur importance dans l'épizootologie de la peste. Fleas of Northern Kirgizia and their significance in plague epizootology]. Essay Cand. Diss., Alma-Ata, 22 pp.
En russe, in Russian.
Insectes, entomologie, entomology, parasitologie, parasitology, peste, plague, faunisitque, fauna, Kirghizie, Kirghizia.

Schwarz A.V. & A.F. Lavrent'ev 1961. [Sur les échanges de puces entre les rongeurs et les carnivores mortels des pentes du Tien Chan. Concerning the fleas interchange between rodents and feral carnivores in the syrts of Tien Shan]. Trans. of Centr. Asian Res. Antiplague Inst., Alma-Ata, 7: 293-297.
En russe, in Russian.
Insectes, insects, entomologie, entomology, parasitologie, parasitology, Rodentia, Carnivora, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Schwartz A.V., Soorbekov O.S., Berendyaev S.A., Tyulembaev M.A., Yakunin B.M., Slyunkin Yu.S. 1985. [Le foyer naturel de peste du Talas. Talas natural plague focus]. Aktual. voprosy epidnadzora v prirodn. ochagakh chumy, Prirodn. ochagovost`chumy v vysokogor'e, Stavropol': 116-117.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Talas.

Schwartz A.V., Yakunin B.M. 1985. [Caractéristiques épizootiques de certaines espèces de puces du foyer naturel de peste du Talas. Epizootological characteristics some species of fleas from Talas natural plague focus]. Aktual. voprosy epidnadzora v prirodn. ochagakh tchoumy, Prirodn. ochagovost`tchoumy v vysokogor`e, Stavropol`: 119-120.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, puces, fleas.

Schwartz C.W. & Schwartz E.R. 1959. The wild mammals of Missouri [Les mammifères sauvages du Missouri]. University of Missouri Press sand Missouri Conservation Commission, xvi + 341 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Amérique du Nord, Missouri, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.

Schwartz C.W. & Schwartz E.R. 1981. The Wild Mammals of Missouri [Les mammifères sauvages du Missouri]. Rev. ed. Univ. Missouri Press, Columbia. 356 pp.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, marmotte commune ou américaine, p. 338, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Missouri, Tennessee.

Schwartz E.A. 1951. [Matériaux d'étude de l'entomofaune des terriers de Marmota baibacina. Materials to study of entomo-fauna of nests of Marmota baibacina]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivotchoumn. in-ta, Alma-Ata, 1: 165-166.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, terrier, burrow, Insectes, Insects.

Schwartz E.A. 1959. [Les puces de la région du Tien Chan. The fleas of Tien Shan region]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivotchoumn. in-ta, Alma-Ata, 5: 255-268.
En russe, in Russian.
Puces, fleas, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Schwartz E.A., Berendyaev S.A., Berendyaeva E.L., Lavrent`ev A.F. 1961. [Répartition et nombre des puces des terriers de marmottes et leur importance épizootologique. Distribution and numbers of fleas in nests of marmots and its epizootological significance]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivotchoumn. in-ta, Alma-Ata-Frounze, 7: 41-54.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, terrier, burrow, poils, hairs, puces, fleas.

Schwartz E.A., Berendyaev S.A., Berendyaeva E.L., Lavrent`ev A.F. 1961. [Sur l'infection par la peste des arthropodes des terriers et des poils de marmottes. About infection by plague of arthropoda from nests and hair of marmots]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivochumn. in-ta, Alma-Ata-Frunze, 7: 189-193c (In Russian).
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, terrier, burrow, poils, hairs, puces, fleas.

Schwartz E.A. & Berendyaeva E.L. 1959. [Les puces des marmottes rouges. Fleas of red marmot]. Nauch. konf. protivotchoumn. ouchezhd. Kazakhstana i Sred. Az. Tez. dokl., Alma-Ata: 95-97.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, puces, fleas.

Schwartz E.A. & Berendyaeva E.L. 1961. [Les puces des marmottes rouges. Fleas of red marmot]. Izv. AN Tajik. SSR, Otdelen. s.-kh. i biol. nauk, Doushambe, 1(4): 95-104.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, puces, fleas.

Schwartz E.A. & Berendyaeva E.L. 1967. [Activité des puces de marmottes dans la nature. Study of activity of marmot's fleas in nature]. Mater. 5 nauch. konf. protivotchoumn. ouchrezhd. Sred. Az. i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata: 191-193.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, puces, fleas.

Schwartz E.A., Berendyaeva E.L. & Grebenyuk R.V. 1958. [Les puces de rongeurs de la région de Frounze. Fleas of rodents in Frunze region]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivotchoumn. in-ta, Alma-Ata, 4: 255-261.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, puces, fleas.

Schwartz E.A., Klassovskii L.N. & Yashchenko N.V. 1961. [Étude du rôle des puces de marmottes pour la transmission et le maintien du microbe de la peste. To study of role a marmot's fleas for transmition and keeping of plague microbe]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivotchoumn. in-ta, Alma-Ata-Frounze, 7: 183-188.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, puces, fleas.

Schwartz E.A., Kudryavtzeva K.F. & Grebenyuk E.V. 1960. [Les puces du Tien Chan oriental. To fauna of fleas from East Tien Shan]. Izv. AN Kirgiz. SSR, Frounze, 2(7): 101-117.
En russe, in Russian.
Puces, fleas, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Schwartz E.A. & Shilyaev L.F. 1963. [Question sur le maintien du microbe de la peste dans le milieu. To question about preservation of plague microbe in nature]. Mater. nauch. konf. po prirodn. ochagov. i prophylact. tchoumy, Alma-Ata: 259-261.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague.

Schwartz Irène & Stehr Frédéric (illustration) 1984. Mariette, Soupir et tante Petit-Bec. Paris, École des Loisirs, 25 p.
Littérature enfantine, juvenile literature, hibernation, marmotte, marmot.

Schwartz I. & Stehr F. 1985. La grande peur de Mariette et Soupir. L'école des loisirs, Paris.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, littérature enfantine, child literature.

Schwartz Irène & Stehr Frédéric (illustration) 1986. La fessée de Mariette et Soupir. Paris, L'École des loisirs, 29 p.
En français, in French.
Littérature enfantine, juvenile literature, hibernation, marmotte, marmot.

Schwartz Irène, & Stehr Frédéric (illustration) 1987. Mariette et Soupir ont perdu maman. Paris, L'Ecole des loisirs, 25 p.
En français, in French.
Mariette et Soupir s'amusent loin de leur abri. Avec l'approche de l'hiver, ils songent à s'enfermer au chaud. Le retour à la maison est pénible : brouillard, tempête, fatigue, lourd chargement et la lourde porte du terrier est déjà fermée. Maman les attend toujours pour le long sommeil. L'illustration expressive et pleine de détails ajoute au texte simple et vivant.
Littérature enfantine, juvenile literature, hibernation, marmotte, marmot.

Schwartz I. & Stehr F. 1990. Mariette, Soupir et crotte de bique. L'école des loisirs, Paris.> Marmota marmota, littérature enfantine, child literature .

Schwartz I. & Stehr F. 1992. Soupir apprend à siffler. L'école des loisirs, Paris, 28p.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, littérature enfantine, child literature .

Schwartz I. & Stehr F. 2005. Mariette, Soupir et le petit cerisier. L'école des loisirs, Paris, 30p.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, littérature enfantine, child literature.

Schwartz O.A. & Armitage K.B. 1980. Genetic variation in social mammals: the marmot model [Variation génétique chez les mammifères sociaux : le modèle de la marmotte]. Science, 207: 665- 667.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, génétique, genetics, éthologie, ethology.

The social substructure and the distribution of genetic variation among colonies of yellow-bellied marmots, when analyzed as an evolutionary system, suggests that this substructure enchances the intercolony variance and retards the fixation of genetic variation. This result supports a traditional theory of gradual evolution rather than recent theories suggesting accelerated evolution in social mammals.

Schwartz O.A. & Armitage K.B. 1981. Social substructure and dispersion of genetic variation in the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) [Sub-structures et dispersion de la variation génétique chez la marmotte à ventre jaune (M. flaviventris)]. In Mammalian Population Genetics, ed. M.H. Smith, J. Joule, 139-159. Athens: Univ. Georgia Press.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, génétique, genetics, éthologie, ethology, population.

Schwartz O.A. & Armitage K.B. 1989. Density-independent correlates of life history characteristics of yellow-bellied marmots [Corrélats densité-indépendants des caractéristiques de l'histoire de vie des marmottes à ventre jaune]. Sixty-ninth Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. of Mammal. Abstract.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, génétique, genetics, éthologie, ethology, population.

Schwartz O.A., & Armitage K.B. 1997a.Correlations between weather factors and life-history traits of yellow-bellied marmots [Correlations entre facteurs climatiques et traits d'histoire de vie chez la marmotte à ventre jaune]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobrazniya (Holartic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mezhdunarodnaya Konferentsiya po surkam, Tezisy dokladov (III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts], 107 (Russian), 190 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and English.
Marmota flaviventris, climat, climate.

Schwartz O.A., & Armitage K.B. 1997b. Sociality and average fitness in yellow-bellied marmots [Socilité et valeur sélective moyenne chez la marmotte à ventre jaune]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobrazniya (Holartic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mezhdunarodnaya Konferentsiya po surkam, Tezisy dokladov (III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts], 108 (Russian), 190 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota flaviventris, social, valeur sélective, fitness.

Schwartz O.A., & Armitage K.B. 1997c.Emperical considerations on the stable age distribution. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobrazniya (Holartic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mejdunarodnaya Konferentsiya po surkam, Tezisy dokladov (III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts], 109 (Russian), 191 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
ge, age.

Schwartz O.A. & Armitage K.B. 1998. Empirical considerations on the stable age distribution. Oecologia Montana, 7: 1-6.
En anglais, in English.
ge, age.

Schwartz O.A. & Armitage K.B. (Шварц О.А. & ; Армитейдж К.Б.) 2002a. Correlations between weather factors and life history traits of yellow-bellied marmots. Корреляция между факторами погоды и особенностями жизненного цикла желтобрюхих сурков. [Korrelyatsiya mejdou faktorami pogody i ososbennostyami jiznennogo tsikla jeltoobioukhikh sourkov. Corrélation entre facteurs climatiques et traits d'histoire de vie chez les marmottes à ventre jaune]. In Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity, Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Yu. Eds., 345-357, International Marmot network, Moscow, 411 p.
En anglais, in English.
Yellow-bellied marmot, marmotte à ventre jaune, Marmota flavivntris, weather, climat, life history, histoire de vie.
Les corrélations entre seize mesures de la variation de la survie et de la reproduction chez les marmottes à ventre jaune (Marmota flaviventris) et quinze mesures climatiques ont été calculées. La taille de la colonie, la survie et la taille des portées sont les traits d’histoire de vie les plus affectés par les facteurs climatiques.Les précipitations, la durée de la période de croissance et la durée de l’hiver sont les principaux facteurs climatiques affectant la reproduction et la survie.Aucune mesure de température ne présente une corrélation significative avec les variables d’histoire de vie. Aucune corrélation significative n’a été mise en évidence entre la durée des générations, le degré d’itéroparité, le pourcentage de survie maternel, le pourcentage de survie des jeunes et le pourcentage de survie des animaux d’un an et les différents facteurs climatiques. Nous suggérons que les facteurs climatiques affectant la condition corporelle générale des marmottes sont particulièrement importants.
Extrait pdf Extract

Schwartz O.A. & Armitage K.B. 2002. Demography of yellow-bellied marmots: A 40 years perspective. Démographie des marmottes à ventre jaune : perspectve de 40 années d'étude. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 118-119.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota flaviventris, yellow-bellied marmot, marmotte à ventre jaune, demography, démographie.

Schwartz O.A. & Armitage K.B. 2003. Demography of yellow-bellied marmots: A 40 years perspective. Démographie des marmottes à ventre jaune : perspectve de 40 années d'étude. Бтологтя популяций желтобрюхих сурков: перспектива 40 лет исследований. In Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds International Marmot Network, Lyon, 205-210.
Anglais, français et résumé russe; English, French and Russian abstract
PDF disponible/available
Marmota flaviventris, yellow-bellied marmot, marmotte à ventre jaune, demography, démographie, population regulation, régulation des populations, population genetics, génétique des populations.
Des marmottes à ventre jaune (Marmota flaviventris) ont été capturées, marquées et relâchées dans les Montagnes Rocheuses, à l'ouest du Colorado (USA) entre 1962 et 2002. Ces marmottes vivent dans des parcelles dispersées où elles forment des groupes sociaux polygynes. Leur démographie peut être considérée au niveau du groupe social, de la population et de la métapopulation. Groupes sociaux : les habitats ne sont pas égaux en qualité, la survie et la reproduction varient largement entre les sites. Les matrilignées de trois femelles présentent la valeur sélective la plus élevée comme le montre la reproduction et la survie. Les jeunes femelles appartenant à une matrilignée produisent des portées biaisées en femelles. Plus de 50 % des femelles résident dans leur colonie natale, alors que la plupart des mâles sont des immigrants. Population : la survie est de type II avec une mortalité équivalente dans toutes les classes d'âge. Au-delà de la première année, la survie des femelles est supérieure à celle des mâles. La taille moyenne des portées est de 4,1. La durée d'une génération (4,49 années) est 2,4 fois supérieure à l'espérance de vie (1,7 ans). Les groupes sociaux formés surtout de femelles apparentées et de mâles immigrants créent un système génétiquement dynamique où la consanguinité est évitée et des niveaux élevés de variations génétiques sont maintenus. Cette population n'a pas une distribution des âges stable. Les conditions climatiques, principalement celles qui affectent la durée de la saison de développement, affectent la survie et la reproduction. Métapopulation : le taux net de reproduction (Ro) est 0,85, cependant la population n'est pas en déclin. Les habitats désirables du site d'étude reçoivent des immigrants de la métapopulation environnante. Les marmottes se déplacent jusqu'à 15 km.

Schwartz O.A., Armitage, K.B. & Van Vuren D.H. 1994. Trente-deux ans d'études démographiques chez la marmotte à ventre jaune (Marmota flaviventris). A 32-year demography of the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris). Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 130-131.
En français et en anglais, in French and in Enhglish.
Marmota flaviventris, émographie, demography, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Colorado.

Yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) in the East River Valley of Colorado were annually live-trapped and individually marked from 1962 to 1993. We used the pooled data from this population to produce an average demography and life-table of marmots for these years. Females have significantly better survivorship than males beyond the first year age class. Factors that cause mortality act evenly on all age classes as shown by the constant rates of survivorship. Principal sources of mortality are unsuccessful hibernation and predation. Females produced litters from ages 2 to 10 yr.; litter sizes did not differ significantly among age classes. Female generation length at 4.49 yr. was three times the life expectancy and median survivorship. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was 0.67, yet the population did not continually decline. Reproductive values (Vx), were approximately equal across the reproductive ages and identified no life stage as part of a reproductive strategy. This marmot population is regulated by the extrinsic forces of energy availability and predation and by movement into and out of the study area.

Schwartz O.A., Armitage K.B. & Van Vuren D. 1998. A 32-year demography of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris). J. Zool., Lond., 246: 337-346.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, émographie, demography, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Colorado.
Yellow-bellied marmots Marmota flaviventris in the east River Valley of Colorado were lived-trapped and individually marked annually from 1962 through 1993. These pooled data were used to produce a demography and life table for these years. Females had significantly better survivorship than males beyond the first-year age class, and the sex ratio became progressively female biased. The major mortality factors of predation and unsuccessful hibernation acted evenly on all age classes as shown by the constant rates of survivorship. The rate of senescence indicated that the probability of mortality did not increase with age. Females produced litters from age 2 to 10 years. Mean litter size was 4.1 and did not differ among age classes. The female generation length of 4.49 years was 2.4 times the life expectancy and the median survivorship. The net reproductive rate (R_o) was 0.67, yet the population did not continually decline; adjustments to these data increased R_o to 0.85. Reproductive values (V_x) were approximately equal across the reproductive age classes. The polygynous mating system is both cause and effect of the demography. Marmot population size is affected by weather factors that influence reproduction and survival, by predation, and by movement into and out of the study area.

Schwartz S.S. 1980. Ekologicheskiye zakonomernosti evoloutsiyi [Évidences écologiques de l'évolution. Ecologic proofs of evolution]. Moskva.
En russe, in Russian.
Ecologie, ecology, évolution, evolution.

Scossa Romano-Cassini M. 1983. Osservazioni sulla distribuzione e costituzione del Camoscio e distribuzione e condizione della Marmotta in Canton Ticino. Bellinzona, Canton Ticino [Observations sur la distribution et la constitution des groupes de chamois et sur la distribution et l'état de la Marmotte dans le canton de Ticino. Observations on distribution and group formation of the chamois and distribution and status of the marmot in the Ticino canton].
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, biogéographie, biogeography, population, Suisse, Swizerland, Tessin.

Scossa Romano-Cassini M. & Huber W. 1983. Distribuzione delle marmotte nel Canton Ticino - La Marmotta [Répartition de la marmotte dans le canton de Ticino. The marmot distribution in Ticino canton]. Dipartimento Economia Pubblica - Ufficio Caccia e Pesca Confederazione Svizzera.
En italien , in Italian.
Marmota marmota, biogéographie, biogeography, population, Suisse, Swizerland, Tessin.

Scott A.F., Bunn H.F. & Brush A.H. 1977. The phylogenetic distribution of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and its interaction with mammalian hemoglobins [Répartition phylogénétique des cellules rouges 2,3-diphosphoglycerate et leurs interactions avec l'hémoglobine mammaloienne]. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 201(2): 269-288.
En anglais, in English.
Hématologie, hematology, Marmota monax. Tayassu tajacu, Odocoileus virginianus, hematology, Eptesicus fuscus, hematology, Ursus arctos, Procyon lotor, Potos flavus, Gulo gulo, Mustela vision, Mustela putorius, Taxidea taxus, Lutra canadensis, Lontra canadensis, Martes americana, Felis concolor, Panthera leo, Panthera onca, Panthera pardus, Conepatus leuconotus, Mephitis mephitis, Sylvilagus floridanus, Sciurus carolinensis, Marmota monax, Ondatra zibethicus, hematology, Phoca vitulina, Tursiops truncatus, Delphinapterus leucas.

Scott T.G. 1937. Mammals of Iowa [Les mammifères de l'Iowa]. J. Sci., 12: 67-68.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax monax, États-Unis d'Amérique, Arkansas, Iowa.

Scott T.C. & W.D. Klimstra 1955. Red foxes and a declining prey population [Les renards communs et une population déclinante de proies]. Monogr. Ser. So. Ill. Univ., I.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Vulpes fulva; prédation, predation.

Scott W.B. 1913. A history of land mammals in the western hemisphere [Histoire des mammifères terrestres du l'hémiphère occidental]. Macmillan Company, New York, 8vo., i-xiv+1-69,1-693 pages, 32 plates, 304 text-figs.
En anglais, in English. Marmota.

Sdobnikova L.A. & Artamonova N.A. 1983. Polutchenie i svojstva glitseridov na osnove zhira sourka kak perspektibnoï dobavki dlya liudeï [Obtention et propriétés des glycérides à la base de la graisse de marmottes comme excipient futur pour l'homme. Obtaining and characteristics of glycerids fat-based of marmots as a future excipient for man]. Issledovanie lekarstvennykh sredsti i obespetchenie imi naselenie, Sverdlosk, 46-50.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, lipides, lipids, médecine, medicine.

Sdobnikova L.A. & Garmeev M.I. 1972. Jir kazakhstanskogo sourka. Zdravookhranehie Kazakhstana, 4 : 35-37.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, Kazakhstan.

Sealander J.A. 1979. A guide to Arkansas mammals [Guide des mammifÀres de l’Arkansas]. River Road Pr., Conway. 313 pp.
En anglais, in English.
MammifÀres, Mammalia, Mammals, Arkansas, États-Unis d’Am»rique, USA.

Sealender 1956.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax monax, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Arkansas.

Searcy W.A. 1980. Optimum body sizes and different ambient temperatures: An energetics explanation of Bergmann's Rule [Tailles corporelles optimum et différentes températures ambiantes : une explication énergétique de la loi de Bergmann]. J. Theor. Biol., 83: 579-593.
En anglais, in English. Écologie, ecology, masse corporelle, body mass, thermorégulation, thermoregulation.

Searle A.G. 1968. Comparative genetics of coat coulour in Mammals [Génétique comparée de la couleur de la fourrure chez les mammifères]. Logos Press and elek Books, London.
En angais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, Marmota monax, Marmota bobac, fourrure, génétique, genetics.

Sébillot Paul (rééd.) 1984. Le folklore de France, la faune [Folklore of France, fauna]. Imago ed., Paris.
En français, in French.
Ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, faune, fauna, marmotte, marmot, chandeleur, candlemas, France.Extrait pdf Extract

Sedin V.I., Ibragimov E.SH., Khasenov T.S., Abazbekov M.A., Shuvarikov B.P., Postokin YU.N., Kulbadiev M.K., Dzha Loev A.D. & Kudryavsteva K.F. 1991. Ozdorovlenie kokpakskogo outchastka otchagovosti Sarydjazskogo avtonomnogo otchaga tchoumy. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 114-117.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague.

Seeger C., Ganem D. & Varmus H.E. 1984. The cloned genome of ground squirrel hepatitis virus is infectious in the animal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A., 81(18): 5849-4852.
En anglais, in English.Virus de l'hépatite des écureuils terrestres, ground squirrel hepatitis virus, ADN, DNA.

The lack of an in vitro infectivity assay for hepatitis B viruses has impeded the analysis of their genetic organization. To examine the feasibility of generating mutant and recombinant viruses after manipulation of cloned viral DNA in vitro, we have tested the infectivity of the cloned genome of ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV) in virus-free Beechey ground squirrels. We demonstrate that cloned GSHV DNA is infectious when injected directly into the liver in the form of trimeric, head-to-tail recombinant clones and recircularized monomeric molecules but not when injected into the portal vein. Infections established in all four recipients of intrahepatic injections of cloned GSHV DNA exhibited the characteristics observed after administration of virus: GSHV surface antigen and viral DNA appeared in the serum 14-22 weeks after inoculation, and both circular and heterogeneous protein-linked forms of viral DNA were found in liver biopsy samples. Furthermore, virus present in the sera of these animals can be transmitted to other ground squirrels. These findings imply that any function of virion proteins in the initiation of infection by hepatitis B viruses can be bypassed with the use of cloned viral DNA and that this animal model is suitable for testing mutant genomes.

Seeger C. & Maragos J. 1989. Molecular analysis of the function of direct repeats and a polypurine tract for plus-strand DNA priming in woodchuck hepatitis virus. J. Virol., 63(5): 907-915.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, virus de l'hépatite de la marmotte, woodchuck hepatitis virus.

The replication of the hepadnavirus DNA genome is initiated by reverse transcription of pregenome RNA into minus-strand DNA followed by plus-strand DNA synthesis. The priming of plus-strand DNA requires the transfer of an RNA primer from pregenome RNA to the primer-binding site on minus-strand DNA. Annealing of the primer to the primer-binding site is facilitated by short direct repeats, DR1 and DR2. To investigate the mechanism of plus-strand primer formation, we have introduced specific mutations into DR1 and DR2 and measured the effect of these mutants on initiation of plus-strand DNA synthesis. To facilitate such an analysis, we have constructed a vector for the efficient expression of woodchuck hepatitis virus in cultured cells. Our results suggest that the 3' end of the RNA primer is determined prior to its transfer to the primer-binding site and that the determination of the 3' end of the primer does not depend on a specific sequence motif at the cleavage site. In addition, we have identified an alternative initiation site for plus-strand DNA synthesis at a purine-rich sequence between DR1 and DR2. Initiation at this site occurs by a mechanism that is independent of the direct repeats and does not require the transfer of an RNA primer to the primer-binding site.

Seeger C., Marion P.L., Ganem D. & Varmus H.E. 1987. In vitro recombinants of ground squirrel and woodchuck hepatitis viral DNAs produce infectious virus in squirrels. J. Virol., 61(10): 3241-3247.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, virus de l'hépatite de la marmotte, woodchuck hepatitis virus, virus de l'hépatite des écureuils terrestres.
.

Hepatitis B viruses of humans, woodchucks, ground squirrels, and ducks are similar biochemically but differ with respect to host range and pathogenicity. To pursue the genetic basis of these properties in the absence of a cell culture system for virus growth, we exploited the demonstrated infectivity of cloned hepatitis B virus DNA in whole animals. We constructed several recombinant molecules in vitro between cloned infectious genomes of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV) and assayed the recombinants for infectivity after intrahepatic injection in ground squirrels, which support growth of GSHV but not WHV. Two of the recombinants molecules initiated productive infection; in one recombinant genome, 76% of the coding region for the major surface glycoprotein of GSHV and for the overlapping portion of the presumptive gene for DNA polymerase was replaced by WHV DNA; in the other, 29% of the same coding domain was replaced by WHV DNA. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of generating viable recombinants of hepatitis B viruses from different animal species and suggest that the major host range determinants are not encoded within the surface antigen gene of these viruses.

Seleznev M.YU. 1936. Pro babakiv na Strilets'komou stepou i Velikomou Vourloukou [Sur les marmottes bobacs des steppes de Strilets'komou et de Velikomou Vourloukou. On the bobac marmots in the Strilets'komu and Velikomu Vurluku steppes]. Tr. In-tou zool. ta biol. AN OurSR, 12. 3b prats' zool. mouzeyu, 17.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac.

Semago P. & Ryabov L. 1973. Vosstanovlenie i rasselenie sourka v Voronezhskoï oblasti. V kn. Okhrana i ratsionalinoe ispolizovanie biologitcheskikh resoursov Tsentralino-Tchernozemnoï polosy, Voronej 41-44.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Voronej, Voronezh, Russie, Russia.

Semenov A. 1905. [Notes sur les Coléoptères de la Russie d'Europe et du Caucase. Notes on beetles in European Russia and the Caucasus]. Rev. russe Ent., 127.
En français, in French. Marmota bobac, terrier, burrow, entomologie, microcavernicole, Russie, Russia, Caucase, Caucasus.

Semenov Yu. 1996. Sur l'écologie de Marmota camtschatica bungei (Katschenko 1901) en Yakoutie [On the ecology of Marmota camtschatica bungei in Yakutia]. In 4ème journée d'étude sur la Marmotte Alpine, Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. eds., 91-96.
En français, in French.
Marmota camtschatica, écologie, ecology, Yakoutie, Yakutia.

Semenov Yu. 2000. Étude comparative de co-rétroactions dans les systèmes marmottes - Environnement des milieux alpin et arctique. Sravnitel'nie issledovaniyavzaimootnocheniï v ekolitcheskoi sisteme Sourok - Okroujaiuchtchaya sreda v al'piïskikh i arktitcheskikh ousloviakh.

[Comparative study of some co-retroactions in Marmot-Environment system under alpine and arctic conditions]. Thèse de Doctorat, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1 (France) en co-tutelle avec l'Institut de Biologie du Centre Scientifique Yakoute de la Division Sibérienne de l'Académie des Sciences de Russie.
En français et en anglais.
Marmota marmota, Marmota camtschatica bungei, rythme d'activité, activity rhythm, hauteur du soleil, Solar altitude, végétation, vegetation, terrier, burrow.

Semenov Yu., Giboulet O. & Louis S. 1997. Prostranstvennoe rasprostranenie activnosti alpiiskikh sourkov na semeinom ouchastke v svyazi s antropogennim faktorom. Spatial repartition of the activity of Alpine marmots in their home range in relation with ecological and human factors [Répartition spatiale des activités de la marmotte alpine dans leur domaine vital en relation avec des facteurs écologiques et humains]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobrazniya (Holartic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mezhdunarodnaya Konferentsiya po surkam, Tezisy dokladov (III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts], 91 (Russian), 191 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota marmota, activité, activity, domaine vital, home range.

Semenov Yu., Louis S., Giboulet O. & Ramousse R. (Семенов ю., Луи С., Жибуле О. & Рамюсс Р.) 2002a. Accomodation behaviour of alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) under direct anthropogenic influence. Адаптивное поведение альпийского сурка (Marmota marmota) под прямым антропогенным воздействием. [Adaptivnoe povedenie al'piïskogo sourka (Marmota marmota) pod pryamym antropogennym vozdeïstviem. Comportements d'accommodation de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) au dérangement anthropique]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Rumiantsev V.Yu. Eds., 345-357, International Marmot network, Moscow, 411 p.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota marmota, dérangement, disturbance.
Le comportement d’accommodation des marmottes alpines soumises au dérangement anthropique a été étudié dans les Alpes pendant la période estivale. Les marmottes dérangées présentent deux tactiques, qui peuvent se combiner. Les animaux s’alimentent loin des sentiers, principale source de dérangement, et se rapprochent des terriers abris (réaction comportementale immédiate), les animaux organisent leur domaine vital en augmentant la fréquence des terriers abris dans la zone de dérangement (réaction comportementale à long terme).
Pdf

Semenov Y. & Ramousse R. 1998. Facteurs externes et rythme circadien chez les marmottes à tête noire Marmota camtschatica bungei en milieu arctique. External factors and circadian rhythm in black-capped marmots in Arctic. In 5ème Journée d'Étude sur la Marmotte Alpine, Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. eds. : 21-26.
En français, in French.
Marmota camtschatica, marmotte à tête noire, black-capped marmot, rythme, rhythm.
Pdf

Semenov Y., Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. 2000. Effet de la lumière et de la température sur l'activité journalière des marmottes alpines (Marmota marmota Linne, 1758) en milieu naturel [Effect of light and temperature on the daily activity of alpine marmots (Marmota marmota Linne, 1758) in natural environment]. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78(11): 1980-1986.
En français, in French.
Pdf disponible/available
Marmota marmota, rythme biologique, biological Rhythm, écologie, ecology.

External daily activity was studied in the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota Linné, 1758) in its natural environment in relation to the position of the sun, ambient temperature, and food accessibility. At low temperatures, daily activity starts only when the sun reaches 30°or more above the horizon. During temperate periods, external daily activity is closely synchronized with the height of the sun (16°-17°above the horizon). However, on hot days the duration of surface activity of alpine marmots at the end of the day could be explained by the postponement of feeding when high and uncomfortable midday temperatures limit food accessibility. Our observations under natural conditions seem to indicate that several factors are involved in the synchronization of nyctemeral activity in the alpine marmot. The cycle of light, expressed as the height of the sun above the horizon, is the most important. However, marmots show different responses to light in the morning and at night. These results corroborate the circadian rhythm model with two oscillators.
L'activité journalière externe des marmottes alpines (Marmota marmota Linné, 1758) dans leur milieu naturel a été étudiée en fonction de la hauteur du soleil, de la température ambiante et de l'accessibilité de la nourriture. En période froide, l'activité journalière de surface des marmottes ne débute que lorsque la hauteur du soleil est supérieure à 30° au-dessus de l'horizon. Durant la période tempérée, la prise d'activité externe des marmottes est étroitement synchronisée avec la hauteur du soleil (16° à 17° au-dessus de l'horizon). Au contraire, l'étalement de la fin d'activité en surface pourrait s'expliquer par les périodes tardives d'alimentation des animaux, à la suite de l'inconfort thermique du milieu de journée qui limite l'accès à la nourriture. Les résultats de nos observations, en conditions naturelles, suggèrent l'influence de plusieurs synchroniseurs pour l'activité nycthémérale de la marmotte alpine. Le cycle de lumière, exprimé par la hauteur du soleil au-dessus de l'horizon, est le plus important. Cependant, les marmottes montrent des réponses différentes à l'éclairement, le matin et le soir. Ceci peut corroborer le modèle de rythme circadien à deux oscillateurs.

Semenov Yu., Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. 2002. Impact of the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) on floristic diversity of the alpine stage in Northern Alps (France). Impact de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) sur la diversité floristique de l'étage alpin dans les Alpes du Nord (France). In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 120-121.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota marmota, alpine marmot, marmotte alpine, vegetation, végétation, specific richness, richesse spécifique, diversity, diversité, equitability, régularité.

Semenov Yu., Ramousse R. & Le Berre M. 2003. Impact of the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) on floristic diversity of the alpine stage in Northern Alps (France). Impact de la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota) sur la diversité floristique de l'étage alpin dans les Alpes du Nord (France). Воздействие сурка (Marmota marmota) на разнообразие флоры альпийских дутов. In Adaptive strategies and diversity in marmots. Stratégies adaptatives et diversité chez les marmottes, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds., International Marmot Network, Lyon, 269-274.
Anglais, français et résumé russe; English, French and Russian abstract
PDF disponible/available
Marmota marmota, alpine marmot, marmotte alpine, vegetation, végétation, specific richness, richesse spécifique, diversity, diversité, equitability, régularité.
L'impact des marmottes alpines sur la végétation des Alpes du Nord a été étudié dans différents habitats. Richesse spécifique, diversité et régularité de la prairie alpine sont supérieures à celles de la lande sèche et de la prairie pâturée. Une analyse de correspondance met en évidence que la structure et la composition floristique du coeur du domaine vital diffèrent de celles des autres zones. Au sein de chaque habitat, des graminées colonisatrices rudérales et nitrophiles et quelques espèces de dicotylédones rampantes décroissent en fonction de l'éloignement du terrier principal. Ceci suggère que les activités de creusement, de piétinement et d'excrétion des marmottes alpines modifient la structure et la composition floristique des habitats alpins.

Semenov Y., Ramousse R., Le Berre M., Vassiliev V. & Solomonov N. 2001. Aboveground activity rhythm in Arctic black-capped marmot (Marmota camtschatica bungei Katschenko 1901) under polar day conditions [Rythme d'activité de surface de la marmotte arctique à tête noire (Marmota camtschatica bungei Katschenko 1901) en conditions polaires]. Acta Oecologica, 22(2): 99-107.
Pdf disponible/available
Arctique, Arctic; marmotte à tête noire, black-capped marmot; activité journalière, daily activity; alimentation, foraging; hauteur du soleil, solar altitude; synchroniseur, synchroniser; température, temperature

Daily aboveground activity of wild black-capped marmots of Yakutia (Marmota camtschatica bungei) was recorded under `polar day' conditions at 71°56' N and 127°19' E (north of the Polar Circle). From the beginning of May until the end of August, the sun was permanently above or close to the horizon. However under this condition of continuous lighting, the aboveground activity of these arctic hibernating mammals was periodic. Onset and end of activity showed marked changes throughout the seasons. Activity time increased strongly from hibernation emergence until the end of July and then decreased slowly until onset of hibernation. Below daily mean temperatures of 5 °C, activity started when the sun was 35° above the horizon, and ended when it dropped below 28°. When daily mean temperatures were above 5 °C, activity onset was synchronised with a solar altitude around 1718° and activity ended at 10°. Activity onset was more precise relative to the solar altitude than the end of activity. This may be explained by late feeding bouts, following a midday thermal stress. In absence of rapid natural light-dark (LD) transitions that occur at civil twilight, our results suggest that the activity pattern of black-capped marmots may be synchronised by the light cycle through the solar altitude and ambient temperature.

Semenov Y., Ramousse R., Le Berre M. & Tutukarov Y. 2001. Impact of the black-capped marmot (Marmota camtschatica bungei) on floristic diversity of arctic tundra in Northern Siberia [Impact de la marmotte à tête noire sur la diversité floristique de la toundra arctique de Sibérie du nord]. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 33(2): 204-210.
Marmota camtschatica, écologie, ecology, structure communauté/écosystème, Community/Ecosystem Structure, diversité, Diversity; interactions plantes/animaux, Plant/Animal Interactions; toundra, Tundra; Bryophytes and Pteridophytes

The impact of black-capped marmots on arctic tundra vegetation was examined by descriptive and quantitative methods in three marmot home ranges. Vegetation in the home range core area (main burrows) differed from the peripheral zone (secondary burrows, paths, scratching areas) or from marmot-free tundra area. In main burrow plots species richness, diversity, and equitability were low. In the same places graminoid abundance were increased, whereas dominance of shrubs and presence of cryptogams (bryophytes and lichens) were declined. Some forbs were more often found around marmot main burrows. Some of these are rare and listed as protected species in Siberian Arctic tundra. This suggests that through activities such as burrowing, trampling, and excretion black-capped marmots modify microrelief and soil properties, which influence the floristic structure and composition of the arctic tundra.

Semenova N.I. 1967. Osobennosti razmesheniya serykh i krasnykh sourkov na outchastkakh soprikosnoveniya ikh arealov v ferganskom khrebte [Particularités de la répartition des marmottes grises et rouges dans leurs aires de recouvrement dans la chaîne du Fergan. Distribution particularities of grey and red marmots in their recovery areas in the Fergan range]. V kn. Resoursy faouny sourkov v SSSR, Materialy sovechtchaniya 27-29 marta 1967 g. M., Naouka.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, Marmota caudata, répartition, distribution, Fergan.

Semenova N.I., Berendyaeva E.L., Mamatkanov O.M., Tolmacheva L.R. 1971. [Quelques caractéristiques des foyers de peste du bassin de Bolgart (Tien Chan). Some features of plague focality in Bolgart river basin (Tien Shan)]. Mater. YII nauch. konf. protivoch. ouchrezhden. Sred. Az. i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata: 246-248.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.

Semenova N.I., Kizilov V.A. 1967. [Faiblesse de la distribution des marmottes à longue queue des pentes SE de la chaîne du Tchatkal. Lower threshold of the distribution of long- tailed marmots on SE slopes of the Chatkal Ridge]. The Resources of Marmot Fauna in the USSR, Moscow, 37.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, Tchatkal, Chatkal.

Semenova N.I., Korotkova V.S. 1964. [Découverte de tiques Ornithodoros papillipes dans la vallée de l'Alaï. Find a ticks Ornithodoros papillipes in Alai Valley]. Tr. V nauch. konf. po prirodn. ochagov. boleznei i voprosam parasitol. Respoubl. Srad. Az. i Kazakhstana, Frounze, 4: 264.
En russe, in Russian.
Acariens, Acarida, Alaï, Alai.

Semenova N.I., Mamatnikov O.M. & Berendyava E.L. 1967. Materialy k epizootologitcheskoï kharakteristike vostotchnoï tchasti Tonskikh syrtov. [Matériaux sur les caractéristiques épizootologiques dans les moyennes montagnes de Tonskikh. Material on epizootologic characteristics in the middle mountains in Tonskikh]. V kn. Materialy V naoutchnoï kongerentsii protivotchoumnykh outchrejdeniï sredneï Azii i Kazakhstana, Alma-Ata.
En russe, in Russian.
Épizootie, epizooty, Tomskikh.

Semikhatova S.N. 1963.a. K voprosou o rasprostranenii stepnogo sourka v Saratovskoï oblasti [Répartition de la marmotte des steppes dans la région de Saratov. Steppe marmot distribution in the Saratov region]. Tez. dokl. sovechtch. po voprosam zool. kartografii, 11-15 marta 1963 g. M.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, répartition, distribution, Russie, Russia, Saratov.

Semikhatova S.N. 1963ab. K voprosou o sovremennom sostoyanii poselenii stepnogo sourka v Saratovskoï oblasti [Sur la distribution actuelle de la marmotte des steppes dans la région de Saratov. Pesent distribution of the steppe marmot in Saratov region]. V kn. Mater. dokl. sovechtch. po okhrane poleznykh i zverej, Saratov, otd. Vseroc. ob-va okhrany prirody, Saratov.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, répartition, distribution, Russie, Russia, Saratov.

Semikhatova S.N. 1964. O sovremennom sostoyanii poselenii stepnogo sourka v Saratovskoï oblasti. Naoutchny dokl. vyssheï shkoly, Biol. naouki, 4.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, répartition, distribution, Russie , Saratov.

Semikhatova S.N. 1965. Osobennosti rasprostranennya, sovremennoe sostoyanie poselenii i nekotorye voprosy ekologii stepnogo sourka v severnoï tchasti Nizhnego Povolzhiya [Particularités de la distribution, état actuel de l'installation et quelques problèmes d'écologie de la marmotte des steppes. Distribution peculiarities, present status of the settlement et some ecologic poblems in the steppe marmots]. Avtoref. kand. diss. Saratovskii un-t, pp. 18.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, écologie, ecology, répartition, distribution.

Semikhatova S.N. 1967. Sovremennoe sostryanie poselenii stepnogo sourka v severnoï tchasti Nijnego Povoljiya [Particularités de la répartition des marmottes grises et rouges dans leurs aires de recouvrement dans la chaîne du Fergan. Distribution particularities of grey and red marmots in their recovery areas in the Fergan range]. V kn. Resoursy faouny sourkov SSSR, Mater. sovesh. 27-29 marta 1967 g. M., Naouka.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bibacina, Marmota caudata, répartition, distribution.

Semikhatova S.N. 1968a. Pitanie stepnogo sourka v Saratovskoï oblasti [Nutrition de la marmotte des steppes dans la région de Saratov. Diet of the steppe marmot in Saratov region]. V kn.Voprosy biogeografii Srednego i Nizhnego Povokzhiya, Saratov, Izd-vo Sara. un-t.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, alimentation, foraging, Russie, Russia, Saratov.

Semikhatova S.N. 1968ab. Sezonnye yavleniya i soutotchnaya aktivnosti stepnogo sourka v reliktovykh poseleniyakh Saratovskoï oblasti [Phénomènes saisonniers et activité journalière de la marmotte des steppes des populations relictes de Saratov. Seasonal phenomenoms and daily activity of the steppe marmot in the Saratov relict populations]. V kn. Voprosy biogeografii Srednego i Nijnego Povoljiya. Saratov : Izd-vo Saratovsk. in-ta.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, activité, activity, rythme, rhythm, Russie, Russia Saratov.

Semikhatova S.N. 1969. Vliyanie khozyaïstvennoï deyatelinosti tcheloveka na popoulyatsiiu sourkov v Saratovskoï oblasti [Influences des activités humaines sur les populations de marmottes de la région de Saratov. Anthropogenic influences on marmot populations in Saratov region]. V kn. Vliyanie khozyaïstvennoï deyatelinosti tcheloveka na jivotnyï mir Saratovsko Povoljiya, Saratov, Izd-vo Sarat. in-ta.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, anthropisation, Russie, Russia, Saratov.

Semikhatova S.N. 1999. Izoutchenie stepnogo sourka (Marmota bobak Müll.) v severnoï tchasti nijnego povolj'ya. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 88-89.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac.

Semikhatova S.N, Ivanova T.V. & Rodionova V.S. 1986. Sovremennoe sostoyanie poselenii stepnogo sourka v Pravoberejie Saratovskoï oblasti. [Situation actuelle des populations de la marmotte des steppes sur le rive droite de la région de Saratov. Present state of the steppe marmot populations on the right bank in the Saratov Region]. Vopr. ekolog. i okhr. prirody i Nijnem Povoljie, Saratov, 43-46.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, répartition, distribution, Russie, Russia, Saratov.

Semikhatova S.N. & Galkina I.V. 1990. Realizatsiya biotitcheskogo potentsiala kraniologitcheskikh priznakov stenogo sourka. 5 siezd Vses. teriol. ob-va AN SSSR, M., 29 yanv.-2 fevr. 1990, 2 : 37.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac.

Semikhatova S. N. & Karakulko N. R. 1991. Antropogennoe vliyanie na stepnogo sourka v Saratovskoï oblasti [Anthropogenic effect on the bobak in the Saratov Region. Effet anthropique sur la marmotte bobac de la région de Saratov]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 117-120.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, anthropisation, Russie, Russia, Saratov.

Semikhatova S.N. & Karakul'ko N.R. 1994. Influence anthropique sur Marmota bobac Mull. Anthropogeneous influence on Marmota bobac Müll. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 134-135.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, dérangement, distrubance, anthropisation, Russie, Russia, Saratov.

Marmota bobac Müll. of the Saratov region is considered as a biological model to study ecological mechanisms of animal population transformations under anthropogeneous effects. Researches on determining the influence of intensive economic activities on marmots conducted for many years (1960-1993) have allowed to reveal multiple adaptations of this animal to living in anthropogeneous landscapes. The way of marmot distribution within the region given and its biotop have been changed. Locations of marmot dwelling are associated with lands unsuitable for agriculture. Progressive growth of gully-type places of dwelling has been noted; forest biotops and locations of uninhabited farms and villages are being developed. When virgin lands are ploughed up marmots concentrate at the borders of areas under crops and at the sides of field roads and density of their population reaches 9.6-10.8 individuals per hectare. Damages of crops caused by marmots have been observed. While studying marmot biotopic populations of different level of anthropogeneous influence differences in the spatial structure of populations, morphophysiological indicators, ways of daily and seasonal activities, feeding, family composition and ethology have been found. The studies conducted allow to assume consolidation of ecological features being studied at the population level and formation of adapted Marmota bobac Müll. populations on anthropogeneous territories.

Semikhatova S.N. & Puchkova V.S. 2006. [La marmotte des steppes (Marmota bobak Müll.) dans les aires de réintroduction de la région de Saratov. Steppe marmot (Marmota bobak Müll.) in places of reacclimatization in Saratov Region]. In Marmots in anthropogenic landscapes of Eurasia, 9th International Meeting on Marmots.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobak, marmotte des steppes, steppe marmot, réintroduction, re-introduction, Saratov, Russie, Russia.

Semikhatova S.N. & Sirotina O.V. 2002a. [Polymorphisme phénétique de la marmtte des steppes. Phenetical polymorphism of steppe marmot]. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 54.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, polymrphisme, polymorphism.

Semikhatova S.N. & Titkova G.A. 1988. Vliyanie roiushe deyatelinosti stepnogo sourka na rastitelinosti v Voliskom raïone Saratovskoï oblasti. [Influences des activités de fouissage de la marmotte des steppes sur la végétation de la région de Volsky. Effect of mamot digging on the vegetation of the Volsky region]. Voprpsy ekologii i okhrany prirody v Nij. Povoljie Strouktoura i organizatsiya popoulyatsii i ekosistem, Saratov.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, terrier, burrow, végétation, vegetation, Russie, Russia, Saratov.

Senotrusova V.N. 1973. Biology and distribution of the mite Haemogamasus kitanoi, Asan in Kazakhstan [Biologie et répartition de l'acarien Haemogamasus kitanoi, Asan au Kazakhstan]. Parazitologiya, 7(4): 307-311.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, Haemogamasus kitanoi, parasitologie, parasitology, Acariens, Acarida, Kazakhstan.

Senotrusova V.N. 1987. [Les tiques Gamasides, les parasites des animaux sauvages du Kazakhstan. Gamasid ticks - the parasites of wild animals of Kazakhstan]. Alma-Ata, "Nauka": 3-244.
En russe, in Russian.
Acariens, Acarida, parasitologie, parasitology, Kazakhstan.

Senotrusova V.N. & Kapitonov V.I. 1970. [L'acarien gamaside Hirstionyssus blanchardi, parasite es marmottes au Kazakhstan. The gamasid mite Hirstionyssus blanchardi, a parasite of marmots in Kazakhstan]. Parazitologiya (Leningr.), 2: 166-170.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, Hirstionyssus blanchardi, parasitologie : Acariens, Acarida, Kazakhstan.

Sepin V.I., Ibragimov E.SH., Khasenov T.S., Aabazbekov M.A., Shuvarikov B.P., Rostopin YU.N., Kulbaldiev M.K. & Dzhajloev A.D. 1991. Ozdoreovlenie kokpakskogo outchastka otchagovosti sarydjazskogo avtonomnogo otchaga tchoumy. [Guérison du foyer autonome de peste de Sarydzhazski dans la région de Kokpakski. Cure of the autonomous plague focus in the Kokpokski region]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 114-117.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, peste, plague gestion, management.

Serafinski W. & Wielgus-Serafinska E. 1976. Ssaki zwierzeta swiata [Mammifères du monde. Mammals of the world]. PNW, Warsawa.
En polonais, in Polish).
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia.

Serbelloni P. 1866. Ricerche anatomiche, fisiche et fisiologiche sulle Marmotte, onde fatte espressamente, rendere ragione delle cause determinanti nei Mammiferi ibernanti la lethargia vernale. Atti Accad. fis. med. statis. di Milano, 22 : 86-110.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, physiologie, physiology, hibernation.

Serbelloni (95) dit qu'Alibert prend l'effet pour la cause en prétendant que dans l'hivernation les capillaires destinés à porter le sang au cerveau sont engorgés, d'où production de la torpeur. En réalité, ces vaisseaux sont presque vides dans l'état de léthargie. La température des hivernants est toujours en raison directe du milieu, mais, en été, elle s'élève davantage. En juillet, il a trouvé chez une Marmotte, les températures suivantes, celle de l'extérieur étant de 22 degrés centigrades : bouche : 37 degrés 75 ; oreille : 36 degrés ; aisselle : 36 degrés 50 ; creux de l'aine : 36 degrés 50 ; rectum : 36 degrés 50 ; point voisin du c ur : 38 degrés ; cavité abdominale près du foie : 38 degrés. Ces constatations ne comportent pas d'ailleurs de différences notables avec celles de Dulac et de Prunelle. Le 15 novembre, la température extérieure étant de + 8 degrés, il a noté chez une autre Marmotte bien éveillée, mais dont l'appétit avait diminué : bouche : 33 degrés 20 ; oreille : 28 degrés 80 ; rectum : 33 degrés 80 ; aisselle : 27 degrés 30 ; creux inguinal : 27 degrés 30 ; près du c oeur : 34 degrés30 ; dans le ventre près du foie : 34 degrés 30. Serbelloni s'est assuré que les Marmottes pouvaient résister à un froid très vif et rester éveillées. La difficulté qu'il a éprouvée à les engourdir par le froid artificiel, même en bouchant l'orifice des vases qui les contenaient, le porte à croire que Daubenton a raison de dire que les Marmottes ne s'endorment pas dans les terriers par les froids très rigoureux, et il combat l'opinion de Blumenbach que le refroidissement peut tuer les hivernants pendant leur torpeur. La respiration des marmottes et de tous les hivernants est en raison directe de la température de l'air ambiant, et varie avec elle. Il n'a pu voir, dans l'état de profonde léthargie, les battements des artères axillaire et fémorale mises à nu. La ligature de l'artère ne produit pas de gonflement au-dessus d'elle, ni celle de la veine correspondante, au-dessous. La circulation est nulle : les vaisseaux et spécialement les veines sont vides et le sang s'échappe d'une ouverture qui leur est faite, pour ainsi dire passivement, suivant les lois de la pesanteur, comme chez le cadavre. En ouvrant le ventre, il vit, au contraire, tous les vaisseaux de la cavité abdominale pleins de sang ; le c ur, l'aorte thoracique, le tronc de l'artère sous-clavière, la carotide primitive. Le sang paraissait stationnaire, et pourtant, dans le coeur et les vaisseaux ci-dessus, on voyait un mouvement pulsatile très lent, mais permettant cependant de compter huit à dix pulsations par minute. Serbelloni en tire cette conclusion que, chez la Marmotte, la circulation est, comme la chaleur, en raison directe de la température atmosphérique et qu'il doit en être de même chez tous les hivernants. De ses expériences sur la sensibilité et sur l'irritabilité, il croit pouvoir conclure que ces deux fonctions sont pour ainsi dire éteintes chez les hivernants. En hiver, les poumons des Marmottes endormies sont pâles et immobiles : en outre, dans l'état de veille, ils sont encore plus petits que ceux des Rongeurs qui n'hivernent pas. Au contraire, chez les hivernants, le c ur est plus volumineux et les artères ainsi que les veines ont une capacité plus grande. Les nerfs extérieurs, comme les autres d'ailleurs, sont plus développés chez les Rongeurs hivernants. Le sang d'une consistance onctueuse,est moins tenace que ceux des autres Mammifères ; il a une saveur dégoûtante, nauséabonde, et une odeur forte et insupportable. Serbelloni est surpris qu'il reste fluide après avoir perdu toute sa chaleur. Il a analysé le sang artériel d'une Marmotte bien éveillée et a trouvé que le sang des hivernants contient un quart de plus d'eau que celui du Lièvre ou du Lapin. Il attribue à cette plus grande richesse en eau la fluidité particulière du sang de la Marmotte. Ce dernier contient deux tiers en moins de fibrine, la moitié moins d'albumine, mais un peu plus de "gélatine". Il a trouvé le sang de la Marmotte endormie identique à celui du même animal éveillé. Que la Marmotte soit ou non en léthargie, la bile est vert pâle tirant sur l'orangé, d'une consistance sirupeuse et d'une saveur douceâtre. A propos des causes primitives prédisposantes à la torpeur, Serbelloni dit que Buffon, qui prétend que la léthargie est due au refroidissement du sang et que Spallanzani, qui l'attribue à la rigidité des muscles et à la réplétion des vaisseaux du cerveau, prennent tous deux l'effet pour la cause. Ces phénomènes sont la conséquence rigoureuse du froid alpin. Il affirme que chez trois Marmottes, il a trouvé les vaisseaux sanguins du cerveau comme vides : ce viscère était donc bien loin d'un état apoplectique. Le froid est bien la cause déterminante, mais on ne doit pas oublier que chez tous les Mammifères, le plus ou moins de chaleur dépend du volume plus ou moins grand des poumons. Plus ils sont volumineux et plus ils sont capables de prendre beaucoup d'oxygène, qui est l'agent principal de la combustion du sang veineux et la source physiologique de la chaleur animale. La petitesse des vaisseaux extérieurs et leur rétrécissement sous l'influence d'une température basse, fait refluer le sang vers la poitrine, le coeur et le ventre, et , comme la capacité des vaisseaux de ces régions est plus grande, il n'a aucune tendance à revenir vers la périphérie. Le phénomène que le froid produit sur la main de l'homme se manifeste sur toute la surface du corps de la Marmotte et de tous les hivernants, dont le tissu nerveux est plus développé et le tissu vasculaire plus exigu.
Si donc le froid est la cause déterminante de la léthargie des Mammifères hivernants, il faudra admettre que la constitution organique de ces animaux en est la cause prédisposante. Quand les froids arrivent, la Marmotte et les autres hivernants ne sont plus tourmentés par la faim, parce que leur fiel est devenu doux. Ils se retirent dans leurs terriers et restent sans faire de mouvements pour combattre le froid qui les engourdit et les envahit. Si leur bile devient plus âcre, elle stimule plus énergiquement les organes de la nutrition, la faim alors excite les Marmottes au mouvement, les force à sortir de leur léthargie, ou rend le sommeil moins profond. On peut s'expliquer ainsi la léthargie. En automne, ces Mammifères perdent l'appétit : ils ressentent d'autant plus facilement le froid qu'ils ont sous la peau des nerfs plus volumineux et plus nombreux. L'impression du froid sur ces nerfs, restreint, contracte les fibres cutanées. De là, résulte l'érection des poils et des papilles dont la peau de ces animaux est couverte. De la pression de la peau il résulte que le sang des vaisseaux cutanés est chassé dans l'intérieur du corps, phénomène facilité par les fortes dimensions du coeur, des gros vaisseaux thoraciques et abdominaux et encore par l'état passif et d'immobilité dans lequel ils se trouvent. Le manque de mouvement rend la respiration moins forte et moins fréquente, tandis que de l'introduction très intermittente de l'oxygène dans les poumons, il résulte une diminution de la chaleur animal avec ralentissement de la circulation. Le froid augmentant, la fibre organique se resserre toujours davantage, la circulation des humeurs est empêchée à la périphérie : le tégument endurci perd sa sensibilité. Dans cet état, les mouvements de la respiration diminuent de nombre et d'amplitude et l'afflux du sang de l'intérieur vers l'extérieur est amoindri. La diminution de la respiration n'ayant pas lieu tout d'un coup, mais peu à peu, il n'y a pas mort en apoplexie parce que les vaisseaux du cerveau et ceux du poumon sont moins pleins que dans l'état de veille. Il est évident que cet état de léthargie n'est pas anormal, puisque la nature a tout prévu pour que se maintienne cette existence singulière et temporaire. Il croit, mais c'est une pure hypothèse, dit-il, que la qualité du sang des hivernants peut contribuer beaucoup à la conservation de leur vie éphémère, car si le sang se coagulait, les solides seraient frappés d'impuissance vitale. Appendice, Dubois, 1896.

Seredneva T.A. 1977. Potreblenie i perebotka krma stepnym sourkom. Zool. j., 56 (12) : 1839-1846.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac.

Seredneva T.A. 1978a. Osobennosti ekologii i roli stepnogo sourka i formirovanii biologiitcheskoï prodouktsii [Particularités écologiques et rôles de la marmote des steppes et développement de la production biologique. Ecologic particularities and roles of the steppe marmots and expansion of the biologic production]. Avtoref. diss. kanf. biol. naouk., M., pp. 19.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, écologie, ecology, gestion, management.

Seredneva T.A. 1978b. [Effets de la disponbilité alimentaire sur la composition en âge et en sexe des populations de marmottes de l'Himalaya. The effects of food provisioning on the age and sex composition of Himalayan marmot population]. In 2nd Congress of the All-Union Theriological Society, P. A. Pantaleev (ed.), Moscow, 31 January-4 February 1978.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota himalayana, aimentation, foraging, âge, sexe, sex, Himalaya.

Seredneva T.A. 1982a. Territorialinoe raspredelenie mongoliskogo sourka v gornoj lesostepi Vostotchnogo khangaya [Répartition territoriale de la marmotte de Mongolie dans la région de montagne forêt-steppe de l'Est de Khangay. Territorial distribution of the Mongolia marmot in the mountainous region of forest-steppe in the eastern Khangay]. Mlekopitaiushie Sh siezd Vses. teriolog. ob-va, M. : Naouka.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, répartition, distribution, territoire, territory.

Seredneva T.A. 1982b. Sposob opredeleniya absolyutnoï ilotnosti naseleniya soukov [Densité d'une population de marmottes bobak et facteurs déterminants. Density of a bobac marmot population and its determining factors]. V kn. Mlekopitayuchtchie SSSR (Materialy III s'ezda Vses. teriol. ob-va, I. M., Naouka, 292-293.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, densité, density, population.

Seredneva T.A. 1985. Plotnosti naseleniya stepnykh sourkov i faktory vliyaiushie ne nee [Densité d'une population de marmottes bobak et facteurs déterminants. Density of a bobac marmot population and its determining factors]. Vestnik zoologii, 5: 68-72.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, densité, density.

Seredneva T.A. 1986a. Opredelenie absoliutnoï plotnosti naseleniya i tchislennosti sourkov (Estimation de la densité absolue et du nombre des populations de marmottes (Marmota). Estimation of absolute population density and numbers of the marmots (Marmota)]. Zool. J., 65 (10) : 1559-1566.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, écologie, ecology, densité, density, population.

Proposition d'une méthode de calcul à partir du nombre de marmottes dans une "famille", de la densité de familles et de leur répartition.
The author proposes to calculate absolute population density and numbers of the marmots by the number of animals in a family, by the density of the families distribution, and by the habitats areas. The first index characterizes temporal fluctuations of the population density and numbers, while the second and third indices characterize spatial fluctuations. The number of specimens in a family is determined every year by observations with binoculars (12x). The density of the families distribution is estimated only once during the period of studies in accordance with the family groups of holes on plots .The main criterion of their distinguishing is the distance between constant holes. Estimation of the family densities is recommended to be carried out separately for the different types of plant associations. The areas of habitats are estimated once during the period of studies with the help of large-scale geobotanical and land-utilization maps taking into account the data obtained during visual examination of the territory. The method proposed makes it possible to investigate considerabIe areas rapidly and accurately, makes it easier to carry out censuses in the consequent years, gives an additional biologically important information, and above all, provides a reliable basis for extrapolation. The method was tested in plain and in mountains. The techniques of censuses is described in details; indices obtained are presented.

Seredneva T.A. 1986b. Razrabotka taktiki promysla i otsenka khozyajstvennogo znatcheniya tarbagana [Prévision du plan de chasse et mise en valeur économique de la marmotte tarbagan.. Anticipation of hunting programme and economic development of the tarabagan marmot]. Prirodnye ousloviya i biologitcheskie resoursy MNR, Tez. dokl. Mejdunarodnoï konf. M., okt. 1986.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, chasse, hunting, économie, economy.

Seredneva T.A. 1986c. Osobennosti ekologii i khozyajstvennoe znatchenie tarbagana [Particularités écologiques et importance économique des marmottes tarbagan. Ecologic particularities and economical importance of the tarbagan marmot]. V kn. Stepi Vostotchnogo Khangaya, M., Naouka, 159-162.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, écologie, ecology.

Seredneva T. A. 1991a. Nekotorye prdposyli ratsional'noï organizatsii promysla i okhrany sourkov [Quelques prémisses scientifiques de l'organisation rationnelle de l'utilisation et la consevation des marmottes. Some scientific premises of rational organization of harvest and conservation of marmots]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 120-124.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, chasse, hunting, gestion, management.

Seredneva T. A. 1991, Ed.Biologya, ekologya, okhrana i ratsional'noe ispol'zovanie sourkov [Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots ; Biologie, écologie, conservation et gestion des marmottes]. Materialy Vsesoiuznogo soveshchaniia, 28 ianvaria-1 fevralia 1991 g., g. Souzdal', Moskva.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota.

Seredneva T. A. 1991b. Prostranstvennye i vremennye kolebaniya plotnosti naseleniya Mongol'skogo i stepnogo sourka [Variations spatiales et temporelles de la densité de la marmotte bobac et de la bobac de Mongolie. Spatial and temporary fluctuations of the density of the bobak and mongolian bobak]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 125-131.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, densité, density, spatial.

Seredneva T.A. 1991c. Zakonomernosti territorial'nogo razmechtcheniya Mongol'skogo sourka v vostotchnom khagae (MNR) [Régularité de la répartition territoriale de la marmotte tarbagan dans le Tchangai oriental (Mongolie). Regularity of territorial distribution of the tarbagan in the Eastern Changai (Mongolia)]. Proc. USSR Theriol. Soc., Population structure of the marmot, Bibikov D.I., A.A. Nikolski, V.Yu. Rumiantsev & T.A. Seredneva eds., 233-274.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, habitat, Russie, Russia, Mongolie.

Seredneva T.A. & Nezgorov A.L. 1977a. Tchhislennost' i prodouktivnost' stepnogo sourka (Marmota bobac) na pastbichtchnykh i zapovednykh territoriyakh Oukrainy [Nombre et productivité de Marmota bobac dans les pâturages et les territoires des réserves d'Ukraine. Number and productivity of the steppe marmot in Ukraine pastures and reserves]. Zool. J., 56 : 1216-1225.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, dénombrement, census, gestion, management, Ukraine.

Seredneva T.A. & Nezgorov A.L. 1977b. Potreblenie i pererabotka korma stepnykh sourkom [Utilisation et transformation des aliments par la marmotte des steppes. Use and food transformation by the steppe marmot]. Zool. J., 56 (12) : 1839-1846.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, éthologie, ethology, alimentation, foraging.

La composition qualitative des aliments du rongeur est déterminée par la présence, dans les herbages, de plantes présentant une humidité suffisante et riches en substances digestibles. Suivant leur densité les populations de rongeurs utilisent annuellement de 16,9 à 70,7 kg/ha de la production végétale (en poids sec), dont 10 à 16% sont utilisés à la construction des tissus de leur corps pendant la période d'activité.

Sergeev R.R., Panchenko V.A. & Dimitriev A.V. 1999. Dopolnitel'nye svedeniya o prodvijenii sourkov oul'yanovskoï oblasti k granitsam tchouvachskoï respoubliki. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 90.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, chouvachie, Chuvash.

Sergeeva V.E., Ivanov (Ivanof) L.I., Skvortsov (Skvortsof) V.G., Kirillov (Kirillov) N.A. & Ershov (Ershif) M.A. 1997. The possibility of use of Dostim for stimulation of the animals immunology system [Possibilité d'utiliser le Dostim pour stimuler le systè immunitaire des animaux]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobrazniya (Holartic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsiya po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov (III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts], 92 (Russian), 192 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Immunologie, immunology.

Serjakof ( Serzhakov) V.A. et al. 1991. [Manifestation de peste épizootique dans l'Alai occidental. Manifestation of plague epizootic in West Alai]. Proc. Sympos. of hygienists, epidemiol., microbiologists, parasitologists and infectionists of Kirghizia, Bishkek, 2: 181-183.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Serres Marcel de 1858. Note sur les cavernes à ossements du pontil et de massat [Note on the bone caves of Pontil and Massat]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences, 46 : 1243.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology.
Pdf

Service canadien de la faune, Nettleship D. & Birkhead T. 1980. Méthodes de Recensement des Marmottes, Espèce Uria : Une Approche Unifiée. S.l., s.n, Service Canadien de la Faune Publication Hors-Série 43.
En français, in French.
Comptage, counting, marmottes, marmots, Canada.

Service, Cooperative Extension. 1974. Renewable natural resources--woodchuck control. Ext. Service Pub., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, Va.:4.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, woodchuck, marmotte commune ou américaine, ressources naturelles, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Tennessee.

Serviez Général An X. Statistique du département des Basses-Pyrénées [Statistics of the Basses-Pyrénées department]. Paris, imprimerie des Sourds-muets.
En français, in French.
Extrait pdf extract.Absence de marmotte, no marmot.

Sesé Carmen 1994. Paleoclimatical interpretation of the Quaternary small mammals of Spain [Interprétation paléoclimatique des petits mammifères d'Espagne]. Geobios, 27(6) : 753-767.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, quaternary, Espagne, Spain.

Sesé Carmen & Enrique Gil 1987. Los micromamíferos del Pleistoceno medio del complejo cárstico de Atapuerca (Burgos). [Les micromammifères du Pléistocène moyen du complexe karstique d' Atapuerca (Burgos). The Middle Pleistocene micromammals from the karstic complex of Atapuerca (Burgos)]. In El hombre fósil de Ibeas y el Pleistoceno de la Sierra de Atapuerca, Aguirre E. et al. (eds.), I. Junta de Castilla y Leon, Consejería de Cultura y Bienestar Social, Spain: Almazan, Soria, 75-92.
En espagnol, in Spanish.
Marmota marmota, minor, paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Europe, Espagene, Spain.

Seton E.T. 1898. Mammals of the Yellowstone National Park [Mammifères du Parc National de Yellowstone]. Recreation, 8:365-371. En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Mammalia, Nationa Park of Yellowstone.

Seton Ernest Thompson 1910. Life histories of northern animals. An account of the mammals of Manitoba. [Histoire de vie des animaux du nord. Rapport sur les mammifères du Manitoba]. (2 vol.), London, Constable.pls. i-xlvi, text-figs. 1-182, maps 1-38. Vol. II: Flesh-eaters, i-xii+674-1. Vol. I: Grass-eaters, i-xxx+1-673 pages
MammifÀres, Mammalia, Mammals, Marmota, Amérique du Nord, Canada, Manitoba.

Seton E.T. 1928. Lives of game animals [Vies du gibier]. Doubleday, Doran & co., Garden City, N.Y., 949pp.
En anglais, in nNglish.
Marmota, Marmota monax, Vol 4: 300-356, chasse, hunting.

Severtsov A.N. 1949. Morfologitcheskie zakonomernosti evolyutsii. [Preuves morphologiques de l'évolution. Morphologic proofs of evolution]. Sobr. sotch., 5, M., L.
En russe, in Russian.
Morphologie, morphology, évolution, evolution.

Severtsov A.N. 1950. Perioditcheskie yavleniya v jizii zvereï, ptits i gad Voronejskoï goubernii. M, Izd-vo AN SSSR.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, Russie, Russia, Voronej, Voronezh.

Severtsov N.A. 1879. [Notes sur la faune des vertbrés du Pamir. Notes on the fauna of vertebrates in the Pamir]. Transactions of Turkestan Branch of Naturalists, Anthropologists and Etnographers, Tashkent, 1: 64- 67.
En russe, in Russian.
Faunistique, fauna, Pamir.

Severtsov S.A. 1930. Ovzaimootnochenii mejdou prodoljitel'nost'yu jizii i plodovitost'yu razlitchnykh vidov mlekopitayuchtchykh. [Sur la relation entre durée de la vie et fertilité de différentes espèces de mammifères. On relationship between life duration and fertility of different mammal species]. Izv. AN SSSR, ser. VII, Otd. fiz.-mat. naouk, 9.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, reproduction.

Sexton J.N., Albert T.F., Ingling A.L. & Douglass L.W. 1976. Comparison of spontaneous and evoked arousals from hibernation in the woodchuck, Marmota monax [Comparaison d'éveils spontanés et provoqués lors de l'hibernation chez la marmotte (M. monax)]. Physiologist, 19 : 362.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, hibernation.

Seymour Henry Danby 1855. Russia on the Black Sea and Sea of Azof- Being a Narrative of Travels in the Crimea and Bordering provinces [La russie sur la mer noire et la mer d'Azof. Narration des voyages en Crimée et sa frontière].John Murray, London.
En anglais, in English.
Suroke, marmotte, marmot, steppe.
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S.F.E.P.M. 1984. Atlas des mammifères de France [Atlas of the mammals of France]. S.F.E.P.M., Ministère de l'environnement, Paris, 299 pp.
En français, in French.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, faunistique, fauna, France.

Sgouros J.G., Kleinschmidt T., Arnold W. & Braunitze G. 1986. The primary structure of the hemoglobin of the European marmot (Marmota marmota marmota, Rodentia) [La structure primaire de l'hémoglobine de la marmotte européenne (M. m. marmota)]. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler, 367: 223-228.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, sang, blood, génétique, genetics.

The hemoglobin of the European marmot Marmota marmota marmota has been found to consist of only one component. In this work, we are presenting its primary structure. The globin chains have been separated by high performance liquid chromatography and the sequences have been determined by automated Edman degradation of the chains and their tryptic peptides, as well as of the peptide obtained by acid hydrolysis of the Asp-Pro bond in the beta-chains. In the alpha-chains we have found 13 and in the beta-chains 34 exchanges compared with the human alpha- and beta-chains, respectively. The amino acids which are substituted in the alpha-chains are not involved in any contacts, whereas in the beta-chains, one exchange involves a heme contact, two alpha 1/beta 1- and one alpha 1/beta 2-contacts. The functional and evolutionary aspects of these findings are discussed.

Shabel A., Kaplan M.H. & Barnosky A.D. . Age, Taphonomy, and Paleoecology of the Irvingtonian Badger Room Locality, Porcupine Cave, Colorado [ge, taphonomie et paléoécologie de l'Irvingtonien de Badger Room, grotte Porcupine, Colorado].
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology.

Shaer J.-P., P. Veyret, C. Favarger, G. du Chatenet, R. Hainard, O. Paccaud. Guide du naturaliste dans les Alpes [Handbook of the naturalist in the Alps]. La marmotte, 333-335. Delachaux et Niestlé.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, Alpes, Alps.

Shagalova A.I. 1936. K voprosou o sostave krovi tarbagana i nekotorykh myshevi dnykh gryzounov. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, M. Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, Marmota sibirica.

Shaikenov Blok 1981. [Les helminthes des rongeurs du Kazakhstan. Helmints of the Kazakhstan rodents]. Alma-Ata, "Nauka": 3-172.
En russe, in Russian.
Helminthes, Helminths, Rodentia, parasitologie, parasitology, Kazakhstan.

Shaikenov Blok 2001. Distribution of Echinococcosis multilocularis Leucart, 1863 in Kazakhstan [Répartition d'Echinococcosis multilocularis Leucart, 1863 au Kazakhstan].
En anglais, in English.
En ligne/On line accès/accessed Jan 16-2007 à/at http://133.87.224.209/lecture/2001/ech2001shai.html
Echinococcosis multilocularis, Marmota baibacina, Marmota bobac, parasitisme, parasitism, Kazakhstan.
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Shalamov Y. & Shakhbazov V. 1994. Variation des propriétés électrocinétiques des noyaux cellulaires de l'épithélium buccal des marmottes en relation avec l'âge et la saison. Season and age-mediated changes in electrokinetic properties of cell nuclei of the marmots buccal epithelium. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 136-137.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota bobac, histologie, histology.

The method of intracellular microelectrophoresis of cell nuclei was used in investigation of Marmota bobac. The EN% index (per cent of negatively charged nuclei in preparation of native epithelial cells) was used for definition of electrokinetic properties (EKP) of cell nuclei. All the animals were divided into 6 age groups. The EN% values of active marmots in the period from 8 to 18 of June were used for definition of age EKP changes of cellular nuclei. These data show an inverse relation between the EN% index and the age of animals. The data obtained in different season show that there are seasonal changes of EN% index. After the finishing of hibernation the EN% index was max. It remained relatively constant up to autumn, then gradually decreased and had the min value at the beginning of hibernation. Then EN% index increased and reached to the end of hibernation the summer value. It should be noted that the amplitude of seasonal EN% changes of index considerably decreased with the age of animals. During the hibernation the reduction of body mass caused by fat expenditure was accompanied by the increase of EN%.

Shamova A.M. 1959. [A case of plague and pseudotuberculosis culture receiving from rodents in an enzootic focus of plague]. Bull. Irkoutsk Anti-Plague Inst. of Siberia and Far East, 21 : 63-67.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, pseudotuberculose, pseudotuberculosis, peste, plague, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Shanmuganathan S., Waters J.A., Karayiannis P., Thursz M. & Thomas H.C. 1997. Mapping of the cellular immune responses to woodchuck hepatitis core antigen epitopes in chronically infected woodchucks. J. Med. Virol., 52(2): 128-135.
Marmota monax, ommunologie, immunology, hépatite, hepatitis.

T-cell responses to hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid antigens (HBcAg and HBeAg) play an important role in disease outcome in those infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). The woodchuck is naturally infected in the wild with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), which shows a high degree of genetic homology to HBV and produces a similar pattern of infection in its natural host. Twenty-three overlapping peptides were constructed to cover the entire WHV core region and used to identify immunodominant cellular epitopes in the nucleocapsid antigen using peripheral blood lymphocytes from 12 chronic WHV carrier and 4 uninfected control animals. A peripheral blood lymphocyte response was seen in all of the chronic WHV carrier animals to at least one peptide, and in 8 of the 12 chronic carrier animals a response was observed to 5 common peptides: peptide analogues of amino acids 16-30, 38-52, 50-69, 76-90 and 91-105. Peptide 91-105 produced maximal proliferation in 5 out of 12 infected animals. In addition, a difference in response was observed between wild and laboratory infected animals; the latter appeared to have a lower response to peptides than animals infected in the wild. This study provides evidence that the woodchuck has a population of peripheral blood cells which are sensitised to epitopes within the nucleocapsid protein and provides a basis on which to develop the use of the woodchuck as an immunological model of HBV infection for testing therapeutic means of enhancing this response.

Shaposhnikov L.V. & Krushinskaya E.S. 1939. Altaïskii sourok v Dagestanskoï ASSR. Zool. J., 18 (6).
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, Russie, Russia, Altaï, Altai, Daguestan, Dagestan.

Sharets A.S. 1955. [La chasse aux marmottes comme moyen de leur extermination dans les montagnes. Hunting of marmots as the method of their extermination in mountains conditions]. In Gryzouny i bor`ba s nimi, Saratov, 4:
En russe, in Russian.
Chasse, hunting, montagne, mountain, extermination.

Sharets A.S., Berendyaev S.A., Krasnikova L.V. & Tristan D.R. 1956. Vosstanovlenie tchislennosti serykh sourkov posle ikh istreblennya. Tr. Sredneaz. PTchI, 3 : 87-91.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, dénombrement, census.

Sharets A.S., Berendyaev S.A., Krasnikova L.V., Tristan D.F. 1958. [Efficacité épizootique d'une seule extermination de marmottes. Epizootological efficacy of once-only extermination of marmots]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivotchoumn. in-ta, Alma-Ata, 4: 145-147.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmot, épizootologie, epizootology, éradication.

Sharets A.S., Zveskin A.G., Berendyaev S.A., Tarasov P.P., Kudryavtzeva K.F. 1956(1957). [Utilisation du bromide méthyl pour l'extermination des marmottes grises et de ses ectoparasites. Use of bromide-methyl for extermination of grey marmots and its ectoparasites]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivotchoumn. in-ta, Alma-Ata, 2: 65-72.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, éradication, eradication.

Sharff R.F. 1918. [European animals and their geological history. Animaux d'Europe et leur histoire géologique]. In Russian translation by A.S. Buturlin, Priroda]. En russe, in Russian.
Paléontologie, paleontoplogy, Europe.

Sharman Kevin & Smyth Clint 2002. The progression of native species island establishment and monitoring practices on high-elevation waste rock dumps at Quintette operating corporation [Progression des établissements insulaires d’espèces natives et pratiques de suvi des décharges de rochers à haute altitude de la Société Quintette]. Proceedings of the 26th Annual British Columbia Mine Reclamation Symposium in Dawson Creek, BC, 2002, 34-48.
En anglais, in English.
Remise en valeur, reclamation, végétation, vegetation, Marmota caligata, pression de broutage, grazing pressure.
Few agronomic species are able to establish and persist on high-elevation disturbances. Consequently, a native species island establishment program was started at Quintette Operating Corporation to ensure that the short-and long-term reclamation objectives outlined in Quintette’s reclamation permit were met. Islands have been established almost every year since the program began in 1991. The species established, the methods of establishment, and monitoring procedures employed have changed over the years. The objective of this paper is to describe the evolving native species island program and to discuss the results of the program to date.
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Sheikin (Cheikin) A.O., Shubin (Choubin) V.I., Kunitzkaya (Kounitzkaya) N.T. & Antonova L.N. 1990. [Étude de Marmota bobac et de ses puces du nord-est du Kazakh Melkosopochnik. To study of Marmota bobac and their fleas on North-East of Kazakh Melkosopochnik]. V sb.: Ouspekti med. entomologii i akariologii v SSSR, L.: 52-53.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, puces, fleas, Kazakhstan.

Shekhanov (Chekanof) M.V 1979. [Représentants de l'ordre de Lagomorphes et des Rongeurs vecteurs naturels de maladies humaines. Representatives of orders Lagomorpha and Rodentia as natural carriers of human diseases.] In Medikal Teriology, M. Nauka, 280-293.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, Lagomorphes, lagomorphs, maladies humaines, huan deseases.

Sheldon W.G. 1931. Laurier Pass Expedition. Field Notes and map of camps [Expédition de la passe Laurier. Notes de terrain et carte des camps]. Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, mammals, Colombie Britannique, British Columbia.

Sheldon W.G. 1932. Mammals collected or observed in the vicinity of Laurier Pass, B.C [Mammifères récoltés ou observés au voisinage Laurier pass, B.C.]. Journal of Mammalogy, 13: 196-203.
En anglais, in English.
Marmotte givrée, hoary marmot, Marmota caligata.

Sheldon 1936.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Canada, Nova Scotia.

Shelley E.L. & Blumstein D.T. 2005. The evolution of vocal alarm communication in rodents [Évolution de la communication vocale d'alarme chez les rongeurs]. Behavioral Ecology
Appel d'alarme, alarm calling, évolution, evolution, comportement de rongeur, rodent behavior, prédation, predation.
On encountering a predator, many species emit potentially risky vocalizations known as alarm calls. We evaluated the relative importance of two adaptive hypotheses on the evolution of calling: (1) communicating to predators, which may function by deterring pursuit and hence increasing individual survival, and (2) an alternative nepotistic hypothesis for alarm calling whereby callers obtain direct and indirect fitness by warning relatives. Focusing on 209 species of rodents, we found significant associations between diurnality and alarm calling, living socially and alarm calling, and diurnality and sociality. Diurnality, however, accounted for nearly three times as much variation in whether or not a species alarm called than did sociality. Phylogenetic tests revealed that the evolution of diurnality preceded the evolution of alarm calling, and that the evolutions of diurnality and sociality were unrelated. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that alarm communication evolved to communicate to predators. If so, then nepotistic benefits, although important for the maintenance of alarm calling in some rodents, may be relatively less important in its evolution.
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Shemanchuk J.A., Robertson R.H. & K.R. Depner 1978. Occurrence of two species of Phlebotomus sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in burrows of yellow-bellied marmot, Marmota flaviventris, in southern Alberta [Présence de deux espèces de Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae) dans les terriers de marmotte à ventre jaune (M. flaviventris) en Alberta du sud]. Canad. Entomol., 110(12): 1355-1358.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, terrier, burrow, parasitologie, parasitology, entomologie, entomology, Canada, Alberta.

Sheppard D.H. & Yoshida S.M. 1971. Social behavior in captive Richardson's ground squirrels [Comportement social chez les spermophiles de Richardson, en captivité]. J. Mammal., 52: 793-799.
En anglais, in English.
Évitement, avoidance.

Sherman P.W. 1980. The limits of ground squirrel nepotism [Les limites du népotisme chez les écureuils terrestres]. In Sociobiology: Beyond nature/Nurture? G. Barlow & J. Silverberg eds., Westview Press, Boulder, Colo.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, éthologie, ethology.

Шевлюк Н.Н. (Shevliuk, Chevlïouk N.N.) 1996a. Gistofiziologiya interstitsial'nykh endokrinotsitov i izvitykh semennykh kanal'tsev semennikov baïbaka v period vykhoda iz spyatchki (na materiale iz Orenbourgskoï obl.) [Histophysiologie des androcynocytes interstitiels et des spermiductes des testicules de la marmotte bobac lors de la sortie d'hibernation. Histophysiology of intestitial androcynocytes and spermiducts of the testes in the bobac marmot during hibernation emergence]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 87-88.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, histologie, histology, reproduction.

Шевлюк Н.Н. (Shevliuk, Chevlïouk N.N.) 1996b. Morfofounktsional'naya Kharakteristika endokrinnykh i germinativnykh strouktour semennikov baïbaka pered zaleganiem v spyatchkou (na materiale iz Orenbourgskoï obl.) [Caractéristiques morpho-fonctionnelles des structures endocrines et germinatives des testicules de la marmotte bobac avant l'entrée en hibernation. Morphofunctional characteristics of endocinal and germinative structures of the testes of the bobac marmot before hibernation onset]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 89-90.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, reproduction.

Шевлюк Н.Н. (Shevliuk, Chevlïouk N.N.) 1997. Phenomenon of endocrine and germinative composition of marmots testicles before hibernationand its biological importance [Endocrinologie et composition des testicules avant l'hibernation, leur importance biologique]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobrazniya (Holartic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsiya po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov (III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts], 109 (Russian), 19 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and English.
Marmota, endocrinologie, endocrinology, hibernation, reproduction.

Шевлюк Н.Н. (Shevliuk, Chevlïouk N.N.) 1999. Gipoteza o vedouchtcheï poli endogennogo tsirkannoual'nogo ritma v realizatsii sourkami reprodouktivnoï strategii. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 108-110.

Шевлюк Н.Н. (Shevliuk, Chevlïouk N.N.) 2002a. V.N. Rudi and organization of science studies of ground squirell on South Ural. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 67.
En russe, in Russian.
Écureuils terrestres, ground squirrels.

Шевлюк Н.Н. (Shevliuk, Chevlïouk N.N.) 2002b. [Morpho-functional alterations of reproductiv system of males of hibernating vertebrata before hibernation (on material of South Ural vertebrata)]. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 68-69.
En russe, in Russian.
Vertébrés, Vertebrates, hibernation, reproduction.

Шевлюк Н.Н., Руди В.НБ, Стадников А.А., Ковбык Л.В., Николаева О.Я. Shevlyuk (Chevlïouk) N.N., Rudi (Roudi) V.N., Stadnikov A.A., Kovbyk L.V. & Nikolaeva O.Ya. 2002a. Analysis of the mechanisms and the factors controlling the seasonal dynamics of the histophyiology of bobac testes. (Шевлюк Н.Н., Руди В.НБ, Стадников А.А., Ковбык Л.В., Николаева О.Я. ) [Analiz mekhanizmov i faktorov regoulyatsii sezonnoï dinamiki gistofiziologii semennikov sourkov baïbakov. Analyse des mécanismes et des factreurs contrôlant la dynamique saisonnière de l'histophysiologie des testicules de Bobac]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Ruminatsev V.Yu. Eds., 366-372, International Marmot network, Moscow, 411 p.
Marmota bobac, testicules, testes, saison, season.
Le rôle de différents facteurs et mécanismes de la régulation saisonnière de l’activité reproductrice de bobac sont discutés. L’analyse de l’importance biologique de l’activation des structures endocrines (cellules de Leydig) et germinatives (tubes séminifères) testiculaires avant l’hibernation a permis aux auteurs de conclure à une réaction adaptative de l’organisme permettant l’expression du comportement reproducteur. La dynamique de reconstruction des structures testiculaires au cours des saisons montrerait l’existence de rythme endogène circannuel de reproduction.
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Шевлюк Н.Н. (Shevliuk, Chevlïouk N.N.) & Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.) 1997. Intersitial endocrinocytes (Leydig cells) of marmots, light-optical and ultrastructural description [Les endocrinocytes interstitiels (cellules de Leydig) des marmottes, description en microscopie photonique et électronique]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobrazniya (Holartic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsiya po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov (III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts], 110 (Russian), 193 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota, histologie, histology, reproduction.

Шевлюк Н.Н. (Shevliuk, Chevlïouk N.N.), Стадников А.А. (Stadnikov A.A.) & Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.) 1997. Dynamics of the interactions between the interstitial endocrinocytes and the seminal convoluted tubules of marmots during the seanonal reproductive activity [Dynamique des interactions entre les endocrinocytes intersticiels et les tubules séminaux des marmottes pendant la période d'activité reproductive]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobrazniya (Holartic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mezhdunarodnaya Konferentsiya po surkam, Tezisy dokladov (III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts], 111 (Russian), 194 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota, endocrinologie, endocrinology, reproduction.

[Shevlyuk (Chevlïouk) N.N., Stadnikov A.A., Rudi (Roudi) V.N. & Lopatinskaya L.A.] Шевлюк Н.Н., Стадников А.А., Руди В.Н. & ; Лопатиская Л.А. 2002a. Morphofunctional description of the endocrine and germinative structures of the testes of marmots (Marmota bobac M.) according to seasonal changes in reproductive activity. Морфофункциональная характеристика эндокринных и герминативных структур семенников сурков (Marmota bobac M.) в связи с сезонными изменениями их репродуктиной активности. [Morfofunktsional'nya kharakteristika endokrinnykh i germinativnykh stroutour sememnikov sourkov (Marmota bobac M.) v svyazi s sezonnymi izmeneniyami ikh reprodouktivnoï aktivnosti. Description morpho-fonctionnelle ds structures endocrines et germinatives des testicules de marmottes (Marmota bobac M.) en fonction des variations saisonnières de l'activité reproductrice]. In Сурки голарктики как фактор биоразнообразия. [Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobraziïa. Holarctic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], Armitage K.B. & Ruminatsev V.Yu. Eds., 373-380, International Marmot network, Moscow, 411 p.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, endocrinologie, endocrinology, testicukes, testes.
Les modifications structurelles et fonctionnelles des testicules de marmottes bobac adultes au cours des saisons (début avril-août) a été étudié en microscopie photonique et électronique. La moitié seulement des mâles adultes prennent part à la reproduction. L’activation des structures endocrines et germinatives des testicules précèdent l’hibernation. L’activation des structures productrices d’androgènes (cellules de Leydig) des testicules précède la spermatogenèse dans les tubes séminifères.L’importance biologique de ce phénomène est de préparer les organes reproducteurs des mâles au processus d’accouplement qui débute à la fin de l’hibernation, mais avant que les marmottes n’émergent de leurs terriers.
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Шевлюк Н.Н. (Shevliuk, Chevlïouk N.N.), Stadnikov A.A., Руди В.Н. (Rudi, Roudi V.N.) & Nikolaeva O.Ya. 1999. Sravnitel'nyï analiz proyavleniï reprodouktivnoï aktivnosti nekotorykh predstaviteleï nazemnykh belitch'ikh. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 110-111.
En russe, in Russian.
Reproduction.

Shevyreva Nina Semënovna 1968. Gryzouny i zaizeobraznye iz neogena yugnoi tchasti Zayanskoi kotlovini [Rongeurs et Lagomorphes du Néogène de la partie sud du bassin de Zaizan. Neogene rodents and Lagomorphs in the south of the Zaizan Basin]. Bull. ob-va ispyt. prirody otd. biolog., 43 (2).
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, paléontologie, paleontology, Miocène, Miocene, Pliocène, Pliocene.

Shevyrëva Nina Semënovna 1976. O parallel'nom razvitii nekotorykh tipov zoubnoy sistemy ou gryzounov (Rodentia, Mammalia). [Sur le développement parallèle de certains types de système dentaire parmi les rongeurs (Rodentia, Mammalia). Concerning the parallel development of certain types of dental systems among the rodents (Rodentia, Mammalia)]. Tr. Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 66: 4-47.
En russe, in Russian.
Rongeurs, Rodentia, évolution, evolution, dents, teeth.

Shevyreva N.S. 1983. Gryzouni neogena Evrazii i Severnoi Afriki [Rongeurs et Lagomorphes du Néogène de la partie sud du bassin de Zaizan. Neogene rodents and Lagomorphs in the south of the Zaizan Basin]. In Istoriya i evolucija sovremennoi faouni gryzounov Moskva, Naouka, 9-145.
Rodentia, Lagomorphe, paléontologie, paleontology.

Shiga J., Aoyama H., Yamamoto K., Imai S., Saeki H., Sasaki N. & Koshimizu K. 1987. A case report of cysticercosis caused by Cysticercus longicollis, a larval form of Taenia crassiceps in a woodchuck (Marmota monax) [Rapport d'un cas de cystocercose due à Cysticercus longicollis, forme larvaire de Taenia crassiceps chez la marmotte commune (Marmota monax)]. Jikken Dobutsu, 36(2): 213-217.
Marmota monax, Cysticercus longicollis, Taenia crassiceps, cysticercose, cystercosis.

Cysticercosis was found in one of 18 woodchucks imported from the United States and maintained in our laboratory for study of hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The lesions found in subcutaneous area, lungs and maxillary sinus were multiple cysts containing numerous cysticerci identified as Cysticercus longicollis, a larval form of Taenia crassiceps.

Shiga J., Ohnishi S., Imawari M., Yamamoto K., Koshimizu K. & Sasaki N.1991. Development and growth pattern of small hepatocellular carcinomas in woodchucks--analysis of an animal model of human hepatocellular carcinoma by ultrasonography [Canevas de développement et de croissance de petits cancers hépatocellulaires chez les marmottes communes - analyse d'un modèle humain de cancer hépatocellulaire par ultrasonographie]. Jikken Dobutsu, 40(4):545-8.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, cancer, modèle, model.

Woodchucks are very useful animal models of human hepatocellular carcinoma. It is important to detect carcinomas in their early stage to study the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. By ultrasonography (echogram) we found tumors less than 10 mm in diameter. Echographically all of the tumors except one were hypo-echoic in their early stages. One tumor showed a hyper-echoic pattern which grew very rapidly. Pathologically they were all well differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma and there were no differences between hypo- and hyper-echoic tumors. When volumes of tumors were less than 10 cm3 they grew very slowly but when tumors were larger than 10 cm3 their volume increased very rapidly. The ultrasonographic patterns of large tumors were iso-echoic and mosaic, as in human hepatocellular carcinoma.

Shiga J., Yamamoto K., Ito M. & Koshimizu K. 1989. [Élevage et soins des marmottes communes sauvages (Marmota monax) en hébergement intérieur et extérieur. Breeding and care for wild woodchucks (Marmota monax) by indoor and outdoor housing]. Jikken Dobutsu, 38(2): 155-158.
En japonais, in Japanese.

Woodchuck (Marmota monax) is a very useful animal for studying human diseases such as endocrine, metabolic or cardiovascular diseases. It is regarded especially as the most excellent animal model for human hepatic cell cancer since woodchuck hepatitis virus has various biological characters similar to those of human hepatitis B virus. We have investigated in domestic this wild animals as laboratory experimental animals and succeeded in breeding and rearing in our outdoor facilities.

Shimoda Atsushi, Kaneko Shuichi, Uchijima Masato, Unoura Masashi, Hattori Nobu, Kobayashi Kenichi & Murakami Seishi 1990. Clonal origin of mammalian hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma [Origine clonale des virus de l’hépatite B des mammifères liés au cancer hépatocellulaire]. Journal of Medical Virology, 30(4): 282-286.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, hépatite, hepatitis, virus.
The clonal origins of 20 multifocal hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in four woodchucks were analyzed by the Southern blot hybridization technique. The woodchucks were divided into two groups according to the morphological classification of multifocal tumors: 1) three woodchucks had multifocal tumors that were widely separated and similar in size, which suggests a multiclonal origin of the tumors; and 2) one woodchuck had ten small multifocal tumors surrounding two large main tumors, which indicated intrahepatic metastasis from an original tumor. Results from the first group demonstrated that the number of integrated woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) DNAs differed from tumor to tumor, and none of the bands were the same size. In the second group, eight of the ten small tumors surrounding the two large tumors showed the same pattern of WHV DNA integration. One demonstrated an additional band and also shared the same bands with the other tumors, and one small tumor had a different pattern of integration from the others. It was concluded that the clone dissimilarity demonstrated by hybridization patterns does not necessarily mean that HCCs originate independently from different clones, because genetic changes may occur after or at the time of metastasis.

Shimoda A., Sugata F., Chen H.S., Miller R.H., Purcell R.H. 1998. Evidence for a bidirectional promoter complex within the X gene of woodchuck hepatitis virus. Virus Res., 56(1): 25-39.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, virus, hépatite, hepatitis, génétique, genetics.

The genetic organization of hepadnaviruses is unusual in that all cis-acting regulatory sequences are located within genes. Thus, in the mammalian hepadnavirus genome, the presurface, surface, and X transcript promoters reside within the polymerase gene while the pregenome transcript promoter is located within the X gene. In this study we have identified two additional promoters within the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) X gene that stimulate production of transcripts in vitro. First, we cloned regions of the WHV X gene into a promoterless expression vector (pGL2) to examine their ability to promote expression of firefly luciferase and mapped a previously unidentified promoter to positions 1475-1625 of the WHV8 genome. Deletion analysis revealed that the essential domain of this promoter, termed the ORF5/deltaX transcript promoter, mapped to nucleotides 1525-1625. Analysis revealed that this transcript initiated at nucleotide 1572in both human (HuH-7) and woodchuck (WLC-3) hepatoma cell lines. Consistent with this finding, DNA footprinting analysis revealed protection of nucleotides 1567-1578 on the positive strand of the WHV8 genome. The function of this transcript in vivo is unclear, however, it may be used to produce a truncated form of the X protein that initiates at an AUG codon at position 1743-1745 on the WHV8 genome. Next, a second promoter was identified at positions 1625-1975 that was responsible for production of an antisense transcript. The activity of this promoter was comparable to that of the previously characterized surface transcript promoter of WHV in the absence of an enhancer. The antisense transcript promoter resides immediately upstream of open reading frame (ORF) 6, a previously identified ORF on the strand opposite of the known WHV protein-encoding sequences, that is thought to represent a vestigial gene. Analysis indicates that the antisense transcript had multiple start sites: nucleotides 1683 and 1762 on the WHV8 genome when assayed in HuH-7 cells, and nucleotide 1786 when assayed in WLC-3 cells. These data are consistent with footprinting analysis of supercoiled WHV DNA that revealed that the regions encompassing nucleotides 1696-1685, 1781-1766, and 1801-1787 on the negative sense DNA strand were protected from nuclease degradation. It is possible that such a transcript was once used in protein expression in an ancestral virus and may now be used for genetic control of WHV replication and/or gene expression. Overall, these data are consistent with the presence of a bidirectional promoter complex within the WHV X gene.

Shippee E.A. & Egoscue H.J. 1958. Additional mammal records from the Bonneville Basin, Utah [Données additionnelles sur les mammifères de bassin de Bonneville, Utah]. J. Mammal., 39: 275-277.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, Deep Creek Mountains, Tooele, Utah, EUA, USA.

Shirer H.W. & Downhower J.F. 1968. Radiotracking of dispersing yellow-bellied marmots [Radio-télémétrie des marmottes à ventre jaune dispersantes]. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 71 : 463-479.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, éthologie, ethology, population, dispersion, dispersal.

Movement of yearling yellow bellied marmots was studied by radio tracking. The equipment developed for this study is described and consists of a surgically implanted transmitter, two types of direction finding antennas and an inexpensive receiver. The results suggest that a river forms a barrier to movements, dispersing animals use burrows of greater separation than resident animals, and dispersion results in a net movement of more than a kilometer from the original colony.

Shiyan R.I., Leont'eva M.N. & Paramonov G.V. 1991. Itogi vypouska evropelïskogo baïbaka na severnom predele bylogo areal v Gor'kozskoï oblasti [Résultats du lâcher de marmotte bobac européenne à la limite nord de leur ancienne aire de sitribution dans la région de Gorki. Results of release of the European bobak at the northern limit of their former range in the Gorky Region]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 166-170.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, réintroduction, re-introduction, Russie, Russia, Gorki.

Shmalgauzen I.I. & Shotwell J. Arnold 1956. Hemphillian mammalian assemblage from northeastern Oregon. [Collection de mammifères hemphillien du nord-est de l'Oregon]. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., 67 717-738, 7 figs., 3 tables.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota oregonensis, paléontologie, paleontology, Amérique du Nord, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA, Oregon.

Shmit Z.V. & Abrakhina I.V. 1970. Vliyanie zapreta promysla na tchislennosti sourkov v Ouliyanovoskoï oblasti. Pyataya mezjvouzovskaya zoogegr. konf. mat. dokl., 2, Kazani.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, Russie, Russia, Oulianovsk, Ulianovsk.

Shnitnikov (Chnitikof) V.N. 1936. [Les mammifères de Semirech`ya. Mammalia of Semirech`ya]. Izd. AN SSSR, M.-L.: .
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia.

Shotwell J.A. 1955. Journal of Paleontology, 29(1): 129-144.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Miocène, Miocene, Marmota minor, Thousand Creek, Névada, Nevada, États-Unis d\'Amérique.

Shotwell J.A. 1970. Pliocene mammals of southwest Oregon and ajacent Idaho [Mammifères du Pliocène du sud-ouest de l'Orégon et de l'Idaho voisin]. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Oregon, 17:1-103.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Sciuridae, paléontologie, paleontology, Pliocène, États-Unis d'Amérique, Oregon, Idaho.

Shpilikin A.I. 1973. O Badamo-U amskojï popoulyatsii sourka Menzbira [Sur la population de marmotte Menzbier du Badam-Ugam. On the Badam-Ugam population of Menzbier's marmot]. Redkie vidy mlekopitayuchtchikh faouny SSSR i ikh okhrana, Sb. materialov M. Naouka.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, population.

Shpilkin A.I. 1973. [La marmotte de Menzbier est en danger. Menzbier's marmot is in danger]. Hunting and hunting farms, 8 : 14- 15.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, conservation.

Shriner Walter Mckee 1998. Yellow-bellied marmot and golden-mantled ground squirrel responses to heterospecific alarm calls [Réponses des marmottes à ventre jaune et spermophiles à mante dorée aux cris d'alarme hétérospécifiques]. Animal Behaviour, 55 (3): 529-536.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, Spermophilus lateralis, communication, son, sound.

When two species have predators in common, animals might be able to obtain important information about predation risk from the alarm calls produced by the other species. The behavioural responses of adult yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventris, and golden-mantled ground squirrels, Spermophilus lateralis, to conspecific and heterospecific alarm calls were studied to determine whether interspecific call recognition occurs in sympatric species that rarely interact. In a crossed design, marmot and squirrel alarm calls were broadcast to individuals of both species, using the song of a sympatric bird as a control. Individuals of both species responded similarly to conspecific and heterospecific anti-predator calls, and distinguished both types of alarms from the bird song. These results indicate that both marmots and squirrels recognized not only their own species' anti-predator vocalizations, but also the alarm calls of another species, and that these vocalizations were discriminated from an equally loud non-threatening sound. These findings suggest that researchers ought to think broadly when considering the sources of information available to animals in their natural environment.

Shubin I.G. 1962. O srokakh razmnojeniya baïbaka [Périodes de reproduction chez M. bobac. Reproductives period in M. bobac]. Zool. J., 41 (5): 750-755.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, reproduction.

Shubin I.G. 1963. O srokakh spyatchki stepnogo sourka i malogo souslika v Tsentralinom Kazakhstane [Périodes d'hibernation chez M. bobac et Citellus pygmaeus du Kazakhstan central. Hibernation periods in M. bobac and Citellus pygmaeus in the central Kazakhstan]. Zool. J., 42 (2): 274-281.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Citellus pigmeaus, hibernation, Kazakhstan.

Shubin I.G. 1964. Vzaimootnoshenie baïbaka s khishnikami v Tsentralinom Kazakhstane [Les prédateurs de M. bobac au Kazakhstan central. M. bobac predators in the central Kazakhstan]. Tr. In-ta zool. AN Kaz.SSR, 23.
En russe, in Russian. Marmota bobac, prédation, predation, Kazakhstan.

Shubin I.G. 1969. [La marmotte des steppe, Marmota bobac Müller (1776). Steppe's marmot - Marmota bobac Müller (1776)]. Mammals of Kazakhstan, V.1 (p.1), Rodents (Sourki i sousliki), Alma-Ata, 233-267.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac.

Shubin I.G. 1970. [Variations de structure d'âge de la population de bobac et quelques bases biologiques de la chasse à la marmotte au Kazakhstan. Changes of age structure of bobac population and some biological base of marmot hunting in Kazakhstan]. Mater. nauchno-proizvod. soveschaniya On hunting and fur-breeding in Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata, 131-139.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, chasse, hunting, âge, age.

Shubin I.G. 1983. Obraztsy igrovogo povedeniya krasnogo sourka. Prikladanaya ekologiya, Mater. 3 Vses. konf. po poved. jiv-kh, 3, M. Naouka, 245-246.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata.

Shubin I.G., Abelentsev V.I. & Semikhatova S.I. 1978. Baïbak. V kn. Sourki, Rasprostranenie i ekologiya, M. Naouka, 10-38. [The steppe marmot. In Marmots: their distribution and ecology, R.P. Zimina ed., Naouka, Moscow].
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, écologie, ecology.

Shubin I.G., Shubin V.I. 1983. [Structure familiales de la bobac au Kazakhstan. Family structures of bobac in Kazakhstan]. Mater. III Vsesojuzn. konf. gj povedeniju jivotnykh, M., t.2, 131-133.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, social, Kazakhstan.

Shubin V.I. 1984. [Comportement agressif des bobac. Agressive behouviour of bobacs]. Rodents, Mater. VI Vsesojuzn. soveschanija. L., 281-283.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, agression, éthologie, ethology.

Shubin V.I. 1986. [Relations territoriales des bobacs. Territorial relations of bobacs]. Mater. IV S'ezda Vsesojuz, Teriol. Obsch., M., t.3, 226-228.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, territoire, territory.

Shubin V.I. 1988a. [Relation intra-familales chez la marmotte bobac. The interrelations in family groups of Marmota bobac]. In The Ecology and the behaviour of mammals of Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata. Publ. Hause "Nauka"of Kaz. SSR: 112-132.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, social.

Shubin V.I. 1988b. [Le comportement de jeu chez Marmota bobac. The play behaviour of Marmota bobac]. In The Ecology and the behaviour of mammals of Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata. Publ. Haus "Nauka" of Kaz. SSR: 133-142.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, jeu, play, éthologie, ethology.

Shubin V.I. 1991a. Sroki spyatchki i razmnojeniya Kazakhstanskogo baïbaka [Périodes d'hibernation et de reproduction de la bobac du Kazakhstan. Dates of hibernation and breeding of the Kazakhstan bobak]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 170-174.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, hibernation, reproduction, Kazakhstan.

Shubin V.J. 1991b. Strouktoura popoulyatsii razmnojenie baïbaka v severnoï tchasti Kazkhsskogo melkosopotchnika [Stucture de la population et reproduction de la marmotte bobac dans le nord des collines du Kazakhstan. Population structure and bobac breeding in the northern part of kazakh melkosopochnic (Low hills)]. Proc. USSR Theriol. Soc., Population structure of the marmot, Bibikov D.I., A.A. Nikolski, V.Yu. Rumiantsev & T.A. Seredneva eds., 98-118.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, population, reproduction, Kazakhstan.

Shubin I., Abelenchev V. & Semihatova C. 1978. Marmots: distribution and ecology [Répartition des marmottes et écologie]. Nauka, Moscow.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmottes, répartition, distribution, écologie, ecology.

Shubin V.I. & Spivakova L.V. 1993. [Les glandes cutanées et le marquage chez les marmottes (Marmota, Sciuridae). Dermal glands and tagging in marmots (Marmota, Sciuridae)]. T. Selevinia, t.1, N1, 69-80.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, glandes, glands, marquage, marking.

Shukurov (Choukourof) E. & Davletbakov (Davletbakof) A. 2001. Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) in Kyrgistan [Le faucon sacré en Khirgizie]. Proceedings of the II International Conference on the Saker Falcon and Houbara Bustard, Mongolia, 1-4 July 2000 : 95-100.
Falco cherrug, Marmota baibacina, Altai marmot, prédation, predation, livre rouge de Kirghizie, Red Data Book of Kyrgistan.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English
version pdf

Shunaev (Chounaef) V.V. 1933. Ob endemii tarbaganieï-tchoumy v Daurskom raïone Zabaïkaliya. Sb. rabot protivotchoumykh organizatsii Vostotchno-Sibiriskogo kraya za 1929-1931 gg., 1, M. Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Shunayev V.V. 1933. [L'utilisation d'un poison dans la lutte anti-peste dans le foyer de peste de Transbaïkalie. On question to use a poison for antiplague practice in Transbaikalian plague focus.] Irkoutsk, 1 : 43-45.
En russe, in Russian.
Peste, plague, Transbaïkal, Transbaikal.

Shunaev V.V. 1951.[Quelques caractéristiques de marmottes infectées pendant l'hibernation. Some physiological features in organism of infected marmots during hibernation]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivotchoum. in-ta, Alma-Ata. 1: 27-31.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, physiologie, physiology, peste, plague, hibernation.

Shvetsov (Chvetsof) Yu.G. 1967. Tchislennosti tarbagana v Yugo-Zapadnom Zabaïkalie. Resoursy faouny sourkov v SSSR, In-t geogr. AN SSSR, M., Naouka.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, dénombrement, census, Russie, Russia, Transbaïkalie.

Shvetsov YU.G. 1972. Sovremennoe rasprostranehie i tchislennosti tarbagana v Bouryatskoï ASSR. Khozyajstvennoe ispoli-zovanie i vosproizvodstvo okhotnitchieï faouny, ekologii jivotnykh, Irkoutsk, 3-18.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, dénombrement, census, Russie, Russia, Bouriatie, Buriatia.

Shvetsov IU.G. & Moskovsky A.A. 1961. Rasprostranenie i tchislennosti osnovnykh vidov gryzounov v pogranitchnoï polose Yugo-Zapadnogo Zabaïkaliya.[Répartition et nombre des espèces majeures de rongeurs de la région frontière sud-ouest du Transbaïkal. Distribution and number of principal species of rodents in the south-west border of Cis-Baikal]. Tez. dokl. konf. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 3, Oulan-Oude, 1958, Biol. Sv. Vost.-Sib. otd. GO ; Irkoutskii PTchI, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, répartition, dénombrement : Russie, Russia, Transbaïkalie.

Shvarts (Chvarts) E.A. & Berendyaev E.L. 1959. [Les puces de la marmotte à longue queue. Fleas of the long-tailed marmots]. Materials of scientific Conf. of Anti-Plague agencies of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata, 95- 97.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, puces, fleas.

Shwartz E.A., Berendiaeva E.L. & Grebenyuk R.V. 1958. Fleas of rodents of the Frunze region [Puces des rongeurs de la région de Frounze]. Proc. Middle Asian Sci. Anti-Plague Inst., 4:255-261.
En russe, in Russian.
Puces, fleas.

Shvarts E.A. & Lavrtent'ev A.F. 1961. K vorprosou obena bio...mejdou gryzounami i nazemnymi khishchnikami v syrtakh Tian Shan. In Sourki, ekologyia, ektoparazity, prirodnaya otchag tchoumi, Troudy Sred. -Aziat. naouchno-issled. protivtchoum. inst. Alma-Ata and Frounze, Tien Shan.
En russe, in Russian.

Shvarts S.S. 1960. Nekotorye Zakanomernosti ekologitcheskoï obouslovlennosti interierny osobennosteï nazemnykh pozvonotchnykh jivotnykh [Qelques évidences écologiques des particularités internes des vertébrés terrestres. Some ecologic proofs of the internal characteristics of terrestrial vertebrates]. Tr. In-ta biologii Oural. AN SSSR, 14 : 65.
En russe, in Russian.
Vertébrés terrestres, terrestrial vertebrtes, écologie, ecology.

Sidi-Maamar H. 1994. Des poubelles aux bestiaires : essai d'interprétation archéozoologique d'un espace villageois alpin du premier Âge du fer (Brig-Glis/Waldmatte, Valais Suisse) [From village refuse to bestiaries: archeozoological interpretation of an alpine village of the begginning of the Iron Age]. In Espaces physiques, espaces sociaux dans l'analyse interne des sites du Néolithique à l'Âge du fer, 119e congrès CTHS, Amiens, 423-439. En français, in French.
Ethnozoologie, ethnozoology, âge du fer, Iron age.

Siddiqui M.S. 1961. Checklist of Mammals of Pakistan with particular reference to the Mammalian collection in the British Museum (Natural History) [Guide des mammifères du Pakistan avec une réféence particulière à la collection des mammifères du British Museum]. Biologia, London, 7 (1-2): 93-225.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, faunistique, fauna, Pakistan.

Siegel F., Lu M. & Roggendorf M. 2001. Coadministration of gamma interferon with DNA vaccine expressing woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) core antigen enhances the specific immune response and protects against WHV infection. J. Virol., 75(11):5036-42.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite, hepatitis.

DNA vaccinations are able to induce strong cellular immune responses in mice and confer protection against infectious agents. However, DNA vaccination of large animals appears to be less effective and requires repeated injections of large amounts of plasmid DNA. Enhancement of the efficiency of DNA vaccines may be achieved by coapplication of cytokine-expressing plasmids. Here we investigated, with woodchucks, whether coadministration of an expression plasmid for woodchuck gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), pWIFN-gamma, can improve DNA vaccination with woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen (WHcAg). Animals were immunized with pWHcIm (a plasmid expressing WHcAg) alone or with a combination of pWHcIm and pWIFN-gamma using a gene gun. Six weeks postimmunization, all animals were challenged with 10(5) genome equivalents of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). The antibody and lymphoproliferative immune responses to WHV proteins were determined after immunization and after challenge. Vaccination with pWHcIm and pWIFN-gamma led to a pronounced lymphoproliferative response to WhcAg and protected woodchucks against subsequent virus challenge. Two of three animals vaccinated with pWHcIm alone did not show a detectable lymphoproliferative response to WHcAg. A low-level WHV infection occurred in these woodchucks after challenge, as WHV DNA was detectable in the serum by PCR. None of the pWHcIm-vaccinated animals showed an anti-WHcAg antibody response after DNA vaccination or an anamnestic response after virus challenge. Our results indicate that coadministration of the WIFN-gamma gene with pWHcIm enhanced the specific cellular immune response and improved the protective efficacy of WHV-specific DNA vaccines.

Sierra Club of Western Canada (Cowichan Group) 1982. Vancouver Island marmot habitat reserve, a proposal for its establishment [Réserve de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver, une proposition pour son établissement]. 28pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, réserve, reserve.

Silante'ev A.A. 1894. Faouna Padov [La faune de Padi. The fauna of Pady]. V kn. Pady, Imenie V. L. Narychkina, Est.-ist. otcherk. SPB.
En russe, in Russian.
Arctomys bobac, Marmota bobac, terrier, burrow.

He points out that the marmots prefer to dig their burrows on the old hillocks, because from these spots the lookout is better and has a wider range; therefore the size of the mounds gradually increases. According to his measurments the hills of Marmota bobac (Pall.), in the central part of the government of Saratov, attain as much as 16 meters in diameter and 1 meter in height. Their vegetation is marked by an abundance of weeds.

Silante'ev A.A. 1898a. Zoologitcheskie issledovaniya i nablyoudeniya 1894-1896 godov [Recherches zoologiques et observations dans les années 1894-96. Zoological research and observations in the years 1894-96]. Tr. ekspeditsii lesnogo departamenta, 4(2).
En russe, in Russian.
Arctomys bobac, Marmota bobac, terrier, burrow, Aphodius n.sp..

Silante'ev A.A. 1898b. Obzor promyslovykh okhot v Rossii [Vue générale de la chasse professionnelle en Russie. General view of profesional hunting in Russia]. SPB.
En russe, in Russian.
Chasse, hunting, Russie, Russia.

Silante'ev A.A. 1919. [Marmottes (Arctomys, Marmota). Revue taxonomique des représentants du règne animal d'importance économique (À l'exception des représentants culturels). Marmots (Arctomys. Marmota). A Taxonomic review of representatives of animal kingdom, which are of commercial importance (Except Cultured Ones)]. Natural reproductive forces of Russia, Petrograd, 6(1) : 41.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, gestion, management.

Silver J. 1928. Woodchuck control in the eastern states [Limitation de la marmotte des bois dans les états de l'est]. U.S. Dept. Agric. Leafl., 21, 6pp. Fur J., 2(5)/ 26, 48-50.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, poil, hair, conservation, gestion, management.

Simachko Yu. 1851. Opisanie vsekhzvereï, vodyachtchikhsya v imperii Rossiïskoï [Description de tous les animaux de l'empire Russe. Description of all animals in the Russian empire]. V kn. Rousskaya faouna ili opisanie i izobrajenie jivotnykh, vodyatsikhsya v imperii Rossiïskoï. Tch. 2, Mlekopitayuchtchie, SPB.
En russe, in Russian.
Faunistique, fauna, Russie, Russia.

Simard S. 1966. Étude paléontologique des micromammifères de la grotte du Régourdou, Montignac (Dordogne) [Paleontologic study of micromammalsin the Régourdou Cave, Montignac (Dordogne)]. Thèse 3ème cycle, Paris, 78 pp.
En français, in French. Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, paléontologie, paleontology, Dordogne, France.

Simon Dominique & Simon Serge 1994. La marmotte, lutin des montagnes [The marmot, elf of the mountains]. Milan, Toulouse, 29p.
En français, in French.
Littérature enfantine, Child literature.

Simon Romain 1984. La petite marmotte [The small marmot]. Paris, Fernand Nathan.
En français, in French.
Monographie, littérature enfantine, Juvenile literature.

Simons M. 1996. Gold-Digging Ants' mystery seems solved, after bugging scholars for centuries [Le mystère des fourmis aurifères semble résolu après avoir intrigué les chercheurs pendant des siècles]. New York Times, 25 November.
En anglais, in English.
Fourmis, ants, marmottes, marmots.
Extrait pdf Extract

Simionescu Ion. 1930. Arctomys bobac in cvaternarul din Romania. [Arctomys bobac dans les grottes de Roumanie] Acad. Român , Mem. Sect. Stiin., 7 (3) Mem. 1, 1-6, 3 figs.
En roumain avec résumé en français, in Rumanian with French.
Marmota bobac, paléontologie, paleontology, Europe, Roumanie, Rumania.

Simonin J. 1870. Procédé employé aux États-Unis d'Amérique par les indigènes pour la préparation des peaux de bisons, de cerfs et d’autres animaux de ce pays [Process used in United States of America by amerindians to prepare the Bison and stag skins and other animals of this country]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 71 :524.
En français, in French.
Pdf.
Technologie, technology, fourrure, fur, tannerie, tannery, Amerindien, indian, bison, cerf, stag, EUA, USA.

Simpson George Gaylord 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals [Les principes de la classifcation et une classification des mammifères]. Bull. Amer. mus. nat. hist., 85: 1-350.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, taxonomie, taxonomy.

Simpson S. 1912. Temperature regulation in the woodchuck (Marmota monax) [Régulation de la température chez la marmotte des bois (M. marmota)]. American Journal of Physiology, 29 : 12-14.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, thermorégulation, thermoregulation.

Simpson S. 1945. In Chaline 1972.

Sineltschikov V.A. 1956. Study of flea fauna of the Pavlodar region [Étude des puces de la région de Pavlodar]. Proc. Middle Asian Sci. Anti-Plague Inst., 2: 147-153.
En russe, in Russian.
Puces, fleas.
Singh R.R.P. 1966. Aboriginal economic system of the Olympic Peninsula Indians, Western Washington [Système économique aborigène des indiens de la péninsule Olympic, Western Washington]. Sacramento Anthropolical Society Paper, 4: 1-140.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota olympus, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, EUA, USA, Washington.

The marmots were hunted by the Quinault and Queets from June to September.

Sinha Hikim A.P., Amador A.G., Woolf A., Bartke A. & Gremillion-Smith C. 1991. Seasonal variations of circulating levels of progesterone and estradiol in unmated adult female woodchucks (Marmota monax) in captivity [Variations saisonnières des niveaux de progestérone et d'oestradiol circulants chez les femelles non accouplées des marmottes d'Amérique (Marmota monax) en captivité]. Life Sci., 49: 297-312.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, reproduction, endocrinologie, endocrinology, progestérone, progesterone, oestradiol.

Sinha Hikim Amiya P., Sinha Hikim Indrani, Amador Armando G., Bartke Andrzej, Woolf Alan & Russell Lonnie D. 1991. Reinitiation of spermatogenesis by exogenous gonadotropins in a seasonal breeder, the woodchuck (Marmota monax), during gonadal inactivity. American Journal of Anatomy, 192(2): 194-213.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, physiologie, physiology, reproduction, spermatogénese, spermatogenesis.
The present study was undertaken (1) to document structural and functional changes in the testes of seasonally breeding woodchuck during active and inactive states of spermatogenesis and (2) to evaluate the ability of exogenous gonadotropins to reinitiate spermatogenesis outside the breeding season. During seasonal gonadal inactivity, there were significant (P < 0.05) reductions in volumes of several testicular features (testis, seminiferous tubules, tubular lumen, interstitial tissue, individual leydig cells, leydig cell nuclei, and leydig cell cytoplasm) as compared with gonadally active animals. the diameter of the seminiferous tubules was decreased by 26%, and leydig cell numbers also declined in the regressed testes. these changes were accompanied by a decline in testosterone (t) levels in both plasma and testis, and reduction in epithelial height of accessory reproductive organs. a hormonal regimen was developed that would reinitiate spermatogenesis in captive, sexually quiescent woodchucks. a combination of pmsg and hcg markedly stimulated testicular growth and function and restored spermatogenesis qualitatively. quantitatively normal spermatogenesis was restored in 2 of 6 treated males. morphometric analyses revealed substantial increases in seminiferous tubular diameter and in the volume of seminiferous tubules, tubular lumen, total levdig cells, and individual leydig cells in the hormone-treated animals. these increased values corresponded to 99, 75, 68, 51, and 200%, respectively, of the values measured in naturally active woodchucks. leydig cell numbers, however, remained unchanged and approximated only 31% of the number found in naturally active testes. hormonal stimulation also resulted in a significant rise in serum t as well as in the total content of testicular t, and a marked increase in epithelial height in various accessory reproductive glands. the most effective hormonal protocol for stimulating spermatogenesis was treatment with 12.5 iu of pmsg twice a week for 4 weeks followed by 12.5 iu of pmsg + 25 iu of hcg twice a week for 4 weeks.

Sinha Hikim A. P., Woolf A., Bartke A. & Amador A. G. 1990. The estrous cycle of captive woodchucks (Marmota monax) [Le cycle oestrien des marmottes communes captives (Marmota monax)]. Biology of Reproduction, 44 :733-738.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, reproduction, oestrus.
pdf

Sinha Hikim A. P., Woolf A., Bartke A. & Amador A. G. 1991. Further observations on estrus and ovulation in woodchucks (Marmota monax) in captivity [Nouvelles observations sur l'oestrus et l'ovulation chez la marmotte (M. monax) en captivité]. Biol. Reprod., 46: l0-16.
E anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, reproduction, élevage, Breeding.

Sirodot 1872. Sur un dépôt osseux, situé au pied du Mont-Dol (Ille-et-Vilaine) [On a bone deposit, situated at the bottom of the Mont-Dol (Ille-et-Vilaine)]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 75 : 356-359.
En français, in French.
pdf
Paléontologie, paleontology, Elephas, Equus, Bos, Rhinoceros, Sus, Ursus.

Sirodot S. 1874. Fouilles exécutées au Mont-Dol (Ille-et-Vilaine) [Excavatings in Mont-Dol (Ille-et-Vilaine)]. Mém. Soc. d'Emulation des Côtes du Nord En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, France, Ille-et-Vilaine.

Sirodot 1875. Le Mammouth à Mont-Dol (Ile-et-Vilaine) [The mammuth at Mont-Dol (Ille-et-Vilaine]. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des Sciences, 82 :871-872.
En français, in French.
pdf
Paléontologie, paleontology, Elephas primigenius, Elephas indicus, Ile-et-Vilaine, France.

Sirodot 1891. De l’âge relatif du gisement quaternaire du Mont Dol (Ille-et-Villaine). Comptes rendus hebdomadaires de l'Académie des sciences, 112 : 1180-1182.
En français, in French.
pdf.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Elephas antiquus, Elephas primigenius, Elephas indicus, Ille-et-Vilaine, France.

Sitgreaves L., Woodhouse S.W., Hallowell Edward, Baird Spenser Fullerton, Torrey Charles Frédéric Girard John 1853. Report of an Expedition Down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers. [Rapport d’une expédition sur les rivières Zuni et Colorado]. Washington, Robert Armstrong.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys tridedemlineatus Godm., Arctomys hoodi Rich., Spermophilus tridecemlineatus Mitchell, spermophile rayé, 13-lined spermophile; Spermophilus ludovicianus Ord., Arctomys ludovicianus Ord., Arctomys missouriensis Warden, cynomys social, Prairie dog.
pdf.

Sitterlin D., Bergametti F., Tiollais P., Tennant B.C. & Transy C. 2000. Correct binding of viral X protein to UVDDB-p127 cellular protein is critical for efficient infection by hepatitis B viruses. Oncogene, 19(38): 4427-4431.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, virus, hépatite, hepatitis, gène X.

A fully effective treatment of chronic human hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still missing and HBV remains the first etiological agent of liver cancer. Although the viral regulatory X protein is essential for infection, its mode of action remains obscure, due the lack of an in vitro infection system. In the accompanying study, we showed the functional importance of interaction between X and the host protein UVDDB-p127, in the transactivation and apoptotic properties of the viral protein. Here, we addressed the biological role of X-UVDDB interaction in the infectious process using a genetic approach in the woodchuck virus closely related to HBV. We show that (i) mutations in X, which markedly affect UVDDB-binding, also abolished productive infection in woodchucks, (ii) in the few cases where mutant viruses led to infection, compensatory mutations had occurred in the X gene of the viral progeny, which restored correct UVDDB-binding. We conclude that efficient viral replication in vivo requires proper X-UVDDB interaction. The interaction may thus provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of hepatitis.

Sixl W. 1974. Zur Parasitierung des Murmeltieres Marmota marmota (Linné 1758). Carinthia II, 84 : 311.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology.

Skalon V.N. 1935. Nekotorye materialy k faoune mlekopitayuchtchikh Vitimo-Olekminskogo natsional'nogo okrouga [Quelques données sur les mammifères de la région du Vitim-Olemkinsk. Some materials on fauna of mammals in Vitim-Olemkinsk region]. Izv. Irkout. naoutch.-issled. protivotchoumnogo in-ta Sibir i Dal'nego Vostoka, 2: 118-130.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, Viti-Olemkinsk.

Skalon V.I. 1936. Dalinejshie issledovaniya po sistematike i biologii mlekopitayuchtchikh Zabaïkaliskogo endemitchnogo otchaga tchoumy. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 4, M, Irkoutsk.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Transbaïkalie.

Skalon V.I. 1950a. O sourkakh Gorno-Altaïskogo avtonomnoï oblasti. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 8, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibicina, Russie, Russia, Altaï.

Skalon V.I. 1950b. Nekotorye zametchaniya po istorii sourkov. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 8, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, histoire, history.

Skalon V.I. 1950c. O Nezakontchennykh troudak N.T. Bykova po tarbaganou. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 8, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica.

Skalon V.I. 1950d. Rasprostranenie sourkov v yuzhnykh raïonakh Touvinskoï avtononoï oblasti. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 8, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, répartition, distribution, Russie, Russia, Touva.

Skalon V.I. , Chtcherbokov I.P. & Bazykin M.A. 1941. Novye materialy po rasprostraneniyu mlekopitayuchtchikh v Yakoutii. Priroda i sots. khoz-vo, sb. 8, 2.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, répartition, distribution, Russie; Russia, Yakoutie, Yakutia.

Skalon V.I. & Bannikov A.G. 1950. Geografitcheskoe rasprostranenie sibirskogo tarbagana [Répartition géographique des marmottes tarbagans de Sibérie. Geographical distribution of the tarbagans marmots of Siberia]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 8, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, biogéographie, biogeography, répartition, distribution, Sibérie, Siberia.

Skalon N.V., Onishchenko S.S. & Iljashenko V.B. 2006. [Problème de la protection des écosystèmes steppiques et de l’optimisation des systèmes des territoires naturels protégés du Kouzbass. A problem of protection of steppe ecosystems and optimization of system of especially protected natural territories in Kuzbass]. In Marmots in anthropogenic landscapes of Eurasia, 9th International Meeting on Marmots.
En russe, in Russian.
Conservation, Kouzbass, Kuzbass, Russie, Russia.

Skalon V.I. & Tabarov P.P. 1946. K izoutcheniiu pritchin i mekhanizma tchoumoï apizootii v Mongolii i Zabaïkalbe [Recherches des causes et mécanismes épizootiques de la peste en Mongolie et Transbaïkalie. Research of causes and mechanisms of plague in Mongolia and Cis-Baikal]. Outch. zap. Mongoliskogo gos. oun-ta, 2, Oulan-Bator.
En russe, in Russian.
Épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Russie, Russia, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Skinner M.P. 1927. Predatory and fur-bearing animals of the Yellowstone Park [Animaux prédateurs et à fourrure du Parc de Yellowstone]. Roosevelt Wildlife Bull., 4, no. 2.
En anglais, in English.
Prédation, predation, fourrure, fur, Parc national de Yellowstone, Yellowstone National Park.

Skinner Morris F. 1942. The fauna of Papago Springs Cave, Arizona, and a study of Stockoceros, with three new antilocaprines from Nebraska and Arizona [Faune de la grotte de Papago Springs et étude de Stockoceros, avec trois nouvelles d'antilopcapridés du Nebraska et d'Arizona]. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 80 :143-220, 19 figs.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, paléontologie, paleontology, Amérique du Nord, États-unis d'Amérique, Nebraska, Arizona.

Skorichenko G.G. 1935. Bargouzinskiï tarbagan. [La marmotte tarbagan de Bargouzin. The tarbagan marmot of Bargouzina]. Okhotnik Sibiri, 3.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica.

Skorodumov A.M. 1925a. K voprosou o dezinfektsii tarbaganykh shkourok v Zabaïkalie [Sur la désinfection des peaux de marmottes tarbagan du Transbakaïkal. On disinfection of the skins of tarbagan marmots in Cis-baikal]. Sib. med. Journ., 2.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peau, skin, Russie, Russia.

Skorodumov A.M. 1925b. Tchouma i tarbaganii promysel i Zabaïkalie [La peste et la chasse de marmottes tarbagans en Transbaïkalie. Plague and hunting of tarbagan marmots in Cis-baikal]. V kn. Pervyï Vost.-Sib. kraeved. siezd, Obzor rabot, tez., rezolyutsii. (Byull. Vost.-Sib. otd. RGO, 6), Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Russie, Russia.

Skorodumov A.M. 1928a. Tarbaganii promysel v Zabaïkalie i Mongolii v svyazi s tchoumoï. [Chasse professionnelle de la marmotte tarbagan en Transbaïkalie et Mongolie en liaison avec la peste. Professional hunting of the tarbagan marmot in Cis-Baïkal and Mongolia in relation with plague]. Jizni Bouryatii, 1-3.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica,épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Russie, Russia, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Skorodumov A.M. 1928a. Otcherki po epidemiologii tchoumy v Zabaïkal'e i Mongolii [Essais sur l'épidémiologie de la peste en Transbaïkalie et Mongolie. Essays on plague epidemiology in Cis-Baikalie and Mongolia]. Verkheoudinsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Transbaïkalie, Mongolie, Mongolia.

Skorodumov A.M. 1937. Tchouma v Sibiri [La peste en Sibérie. Plague in Siberia]. Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Sibérie, Siberia.

Skorodumov A.M., Shunaev V.V. 1934. [Sur le rôle des coléoptères carnivores et fossoyeurs dans l'épidémiologie de la peste. About role of carnivorous beetles and sexton beetles in the epidemiology of plague]. Izv. Irkoutsk. protivotchoum. in-ta Sib. i Dal. Vost, M.-Irkoutsk, 1.
En russe, in Russian.
Insectes, Insects, peste, plague.

Skrzhivan F.F. 1901. Nachi svedeniya o tarbagan'eï tchoume [Nos données sur la peste de la marmotte en Sibérie. Our data on the tarbagan plague in Siberia]. Rousskiï arkhiv patol., klin. med. i bakteriol., 11(6).
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, peste, plague.

Skrzhabin K.I., Shikholbalova N.P. & Orlov I.V. 1957. [Les Trichocephalidae et les Capillariidae des animaux et des hommes et les maladies qu'ils causent. Trichocephalidae and Capillariidae of animals and man and the diseases caused by them. Academy of sciences of USSR Ed., Moscow, pp. 599.
En russe, in Russian.
Parasitologie, parasitology, Némathelminthes, Nemathelminths.

Skumatov (Skoumatof) D.V. 1996. K voprosou o vzaimotnosheniyakh lisitsy (Vulpes vulpes) i evropeïskogo baïbaka (Marmota bobac). On the question of relationship between the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and the euroean bobac (Marmota bobac) [Sur la question des rapports entre le renard rouge (Vulpes vulpes) et la marmotte bobac européenne (Marmota bobac)]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 77-78.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Vulpes vulpes, prédation, predation.

Skurat (Skourat) L.N. & Potapova L. A. 1991. Mikrostrouktoura koji i spetsifitcheskikh kojnykh jelez tchernochapotchnogo sourka [Microstructures de la peau et glandes voisines de la marmotte du Kamtchatka. The microstructure of the skin and specific akin glands of the Kamchatka marmot.]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 131-136.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, histologie, histology, glandes, glands.

Skutil (Skoutil) J. & Stehlik A. 1931. Moraviae fauna diluvialis. Sbornok Klubu prir. v Brné, 14 : 102-178.

Paléontologie, paleontology, quaternaire, République Tchèque, Czech Republic, Moravie, Moravia.

Sleeper Barbara 1995. Wolverine: The Super Weasel [Le glouton : la super belette]. Pacific Discovery, 48: 46-47.
En anglais, in English.
Gulo gulo, Marmota, prédation, predation.
When hungry they will dig, climb, and bite their way through snow, dirt, or wood to get to food, such as a hibernating marmot under ten feet of snow.

Sleptsov V.I. 1997. Pervye rezoul'taty reakklimatizatsii baïbka v Iziumskom raïone Khar'kovskoï oblasti [Premiers résultats de la réintroduction de bobac dans le district d'Izoumsky de la région de Khar'kov]. In Vozrojdenie stepnogo sourka, Tokarsky V.A. & Roumiantsev V.Iu., Izdatel'stvo ABF, Moskva, 39.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, réintroduction, re-introduction, Izoumsk, Izumsk.

Slin'ko N.V. 1997. Problemy i ratsional'nogo ispol'zovaniya stepnogo sourka v Khar'kocskoï oblasti [Problèmes de protection et utilisation de la marmotte des steppes dans la région de Khar'kov]. In Vozrojdenie stepnogo sourka, Tokarsky V.A. & Roumiantsev V.Iu., Izdatel'stvo ABF, Moskva, 40-41.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, protection, preservation, Karkof, Kharkov.

Slotta-Bachmayr L. 1996. Habitatwahl des Alpenmurmeltiers (Marmota m. marmota) auf einer Probefläche in den Hohen Tauern (Österreichische Zentralalpen [Choix de l'habitat des marmottes alpines (Marmota m. marmota) sur une surface échantillonée du Hohen Tauern (Alpes centrales autrichiennes)]. Wiss. Mitt. Nationalpark Hohe Tauern, 2, 139-150.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, habitat, Autriche, Austria.

Sludsky (Sloudsky) A.A. 1934. Reaklimatizatsiya sourka v Zapadnoï Sibiri. [Réacclimatation de la marmotte en Sibérie occidentale. Marmot reacclimatization in western Siberia]. Okhotnik Sibiri, 5-6.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, réintroduction, re-introduction, Russie, Russia, Sibérie, Siberia.

Sludsky A.A. 1935. Bagouzniskii tarbagan [La marmotte tarbagan de Bagouzniski. The tarbagan marmot of Bagouzniski]. Okhotnik Sibiri, 3.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, Russie, Russia.

Sludsky A.A. 1939. Pouchnye zveri Kazakhstana [Les animaux à fourrures du Kazakhstan. Coated animals in Kazakhstan]. Alma-Ata, Kazizdat.
En russe, in Russian.
Fourrure, fur, Kazakhstan.

Sludskii A.A. (ed.). 1977. Mlekopitayushchie Kazakhstana. Gryzouny (krome sourkov, souslikov, zemlyanoi belki, peschanok i polevok) [Mammals of Kazakhstan. Rodents (except marmots, susliks, long clawed ground squirrels, gerbils and voles)]. Nauka, Kazakhskoi SSR, Alma-Ata, 1(2):1-536.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, Mammalia, Kazakhstan.

Sludsky A.A. 1980a. Promysel sourkov. Istoriya razviriya promysla. Promysel sourkov v Kazakhstane [La chasse de la marmotte. Histoire. La chasse au Kazakhstan. Marmot hunting. History]. In Sourki. Biotsenotitcheskoe i praktitcheskoe znatchenie [Les marmottes. Signification biocénotique et pratique], R.P. Zimina ed., M. Naouka, 177-190.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, chasse, hunting, Kazakhstan.

Sludsky A.A. 1980b. Promysel sourkov. Chkourki sourka kak ib'ekt torgovli i ispol'zaovanie ego jira [La chasse des marmottes. Les fourrures de marmottes, objet de commerce et utilisation de leur graisse. Marmot hunting. Coats of marmot as trade object and use of their fat]. In Sourki. Biotsenotitcheskoe i praktitcheskoe znatchenie, R.P. Zimina ed., M. Naouka, 199-201.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, chasse, hunting, fourrure, fur.

Sludskii A., Gvozdev E. & Strautman E. 1969. Mammals of Kazakhstan [Mammifères du Kazakhstan]. Nauka, Alma-Ata.
En russe, in Russian.
Faune, fauna, Kazakhstan.

Sludsky A.A., Strautman E.I. & Afana'sev Yu. G. 1962. Pouchnye resoursy Kazakhstana i vozmojnosti razvitiya okhotnitch'ego khozyaïstva v respoublike [Ressources en fourrures du Kazakhstan et capacités de développement économique de la chasse dans la république. Coat resources in Kazakhstan and economical expansion possibilities of hunting in the Republic]. Tr. dy In-ta zool. AN KazSSR, 17.
En russe, in Russian.
Fourrure, fur, économie, economy, Kazakhstan.

Sludsky A.A., Barchavski S.N., Ismagilov M.I. , Kapitonov V.I. & Shubin I.G. 1969. Gryzouny (sourki i sousliki) [Les rongeurs (marmottes et sousliks). Rodents (marmots and susliks)]. V kn. Mlekopitayachtchie Kazakhstana, 1, Alma-Ata, 455 pp.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, Marmota, Kazakhstan.

Slovtsov I. 1897. Spisok mlekopitayuchtchykh i ptits, naïdennykh mejdou Omskom, Petropavlovskom, Akmolinskom i Atbasarom [Liste des mammifères et des oiseaux trouvés entre Omsk, Petropavlovsk, Akmolinsk et Atbasar. Check-list of mammals and birds found between Omsk, Petropavlovsk, Akmolinsk et Atbasar]. Zapiski Zap.-Sib. otd. Roussk. geogr. ob-va, 21.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, oiseaux, birds.

Slyunkin Yu. S. & Starostin V. M. 1991. Tchislennost' krasnogo sourka v basseïne reki Akboura [La population de marmotte à longue-queue dans le bassin de la rivière Acboura. The population of the long-tailed marmot in the basin of the Acbura River]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 140-141.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, biogéographie, biogeography, population.

Smedley E., Rose Hugh J. & Rose Henry J. 1845. Encyclopædia metropolitana or, Universal dictionary of knowledge.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys monax, Arctomys bobac.
Extrait pdf extract

Smellie William 1832.The Philosophy of Natural History [Philosophie de l’histoire naturelle]. Hilliard, Gray, Little and Wilkins, Boston.
En anglais, in English.
Marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, hamster, German marmot, terrier, burrow.
Extrait pdf extract

Smelov O. V. 1991. Obrazovanie mikrotsenozov na sourtchinakh pod vliyaniem poyuchtcheï deyatel'nosti sourka i antropogenogo vozdeïstviya [Formation de microcoenoses sur les terriers de marmottes et l'effet du foussiement des marmottes et des modifications par l'homme. Formation of microcenoses on marmot burrows and the effect of marmot burrowing and modification by man]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 136-140.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, terrier, burrow, écologie, ecology, anthropisation.

Smet Pierre-Jean de 1848. Missions de l'Orégon et voyages dans les Montagnes Rocheuses en 1845 et 1846 [Oregon missions and travels in the Rocky mountains in 1845 and 1846]. Paris.
En français, in French.
Siffleur, Exploration, Indiens, Indians, montagnes rocheuses, Rocky Mountains, Oregon, Smet P.-J. de, 1801-1873.
Texte complet/Full text ICMH (Institut Canadien de Microreproductions historiques)/CIHM

Smetanin I.I. & Rudi V.N. 1999. Rol' vidovykh zakaznikov v sokhranenii stepnogo sourka v orenbourgskoï oblasti. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 91-92.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, Orenbourg.

Smirin Yu.M., Formozov N.A., Bibikov D.I. & Myagmarzhav D. 1985. Kharakteristika poselenii dvukh vidov sourkov v zone ikh kontakta na Mongoliskom Altae [Caractérisation de deux espèces de marmottes dans leur zone de contact dans l'Altaï mongolien. Caracterisation of two marmot species in their contact zone in the Mongol-Altai]. Zool. J., 64 (12) : 1873-1885.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, Marmota caudata, taxonomie, taxonomy, Russie, Russia, Mongolie, Mongolia, Altaï.

Smirin Yu.M., Formozov N.A. & Myagmarzhad D. 1983. Rasprostranenie serogo sourka i tarbagana na Mongol'skom Altae [Répartition de la marmotte de l'Altaï et de la bobac de Mongolie dans l'Altaï de Mongolie. Distribution of the Altai marmot and mongolian bobak in the Mongolian Altai]. Vkn. "Okhrana, racional'noe ispol'zovanie i ekologiya sourkov". M., Nauka, str. 15-17. In Conservation, rational utilization and ecology of marmots, D. I. Bibikov & R. P. Zimina (eds.), Material from the All-Union Conf., 3-5 Febr. 1983, Moscow. Acad. Sci. USSR Moscow.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, Marmota sibirica, répartition, distribution, Mongolie, Mongolia, Altaï.

Smirin Yu.M., & Orlov O.Yu. 1975. Osobennosti vnechnego oblika i povedeniya nekotorykh gryzounov, svyazannye so zreniem [Particularités externes et comportements de quelques rongeurs en liaison avec la vision. External particularities and behaviour of some rodents in relation with vision]. Tr. II Vsesoyuzn. sovechtchaniya po mlekopitayuchtchim, Tez. dokl. Vsesoyuzn. sovechtchaniya, M., 204-208.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, éthologie, ethology.

Smirnov (Smirnof) V.P. 1961. K epidemiologii tchoumy v MNR [Sur l'épidémiologie de la peste en RPM. On the epidemiology in PRM]. Dokl. Irkout. protivotchoumn. in-ta, 1: 15-18 .
En russe, in Russian.
Épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.

Smirnov V.P. 1972. [Question sur la peste chez la marmotte grise. On question about plague in grey marmot]. Probl. osobo opasn. infec, Saratov, 4: 155-156.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, peste, plague.

Smirnov V.P. & Danilenko A.F. 1966. K istorii vyyavleniya Touvinskogo otchaga tchoumy [Sur l'histoire de l'influence du foyer de la peste de Touva. On the history of the influence in the plague foci in Tuva]. Dokl. Irkout. protivotchoumn. in-ta, 7.
En russe, in Russian.
Épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Touva.

Smirnov V.S. 1960. Opredelenie vozrasta i vozrastnye sootnocheniya ou mlekopitayuchtchikh na primere belki, ondatty i pyati vidov khichtchnikov [Détermination de l'âge et corrélation avec les signes de l'âge chez les mammifères (comme les écureuils, les ondatras et 5 espèces de carnivores). Age determination and correlation with age signs in mammals (as squirrels, ondatras and 5 carnivorous species]. Tr. In-ta biol. Ouralsk. filiala AN SSSR, 14.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, Âge.

Smirnov Yu.A. 1955. Vliyanie okhoty na okhotnitch'e-promyslovouyu faouny Kazakhstana [Influence de la chasse sur le gibier du Kazakhstan. Hunting influence on the game of Kazakhstan]. Alma-Ata.
En russe, in Russian.
Gibier, game, faunistique, fauna, Kazakhstan.

Smirnov Yu.A. & Fil' V.I. 1964. Okhota na sourkov v gorakh Kazakhstana [La chasse des marmottes dans les montagnes du Kazakhstan. Marmot hunting in the Kazakhstan mountains]. Alma-Ata, Kaïnar.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, chasse, hunting, Kazakhstan.

Smirnova L.A. 1946. Dlitelinosti sokhraneniya tchoumnoï palotchki v zasolennom tarbaganiem myase [Durée de survie des microbes de la peste dans une partie de marmotte tarbagan atteint par la peste. Survival duration of plague micobes in a plague contaminated part of tarbagan marmot]. Izv. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 6, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, peste, plague, bactéries, bacteria.

Smit F.G.A.M. & Rosicky B. 1973. Siphonaptera from Hindu Kush [Les Siphonaptera de l'Hindou Kouch]. Folia Parasitologica, Praha, 20: 235-253.
En anglais, in English.
Puces, fleas, Afghanistan.

Smit J.C. & Van Wijngaarden A. 1981. Threatened Mammals in Europe [Les mammifères menacés en Europe]. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Wiesbaden, pp. 259.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, conservation, Europe.

Smith E.N. & Causby L.A. 1981. Respiratory sinus arrhythming in free ranging woodchuck Marmota monax. [Arythmie du sinus respiratoire chez une marmotte sauvage Marmota monax]. In A handbook on biotelemetry and radiotracking, C.J. Amlaner & D.W. Macdonald eds., Pergamon Press, Ltd, London.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, respiration.

Smith E.N. & Woodruff R.A. 1980. Fear bradycardia in free-ranging woodchucks, Marmota monax. [Bradycardie de peur chez les marmottes sauvages (M. monax)]. J. Mammal., 61 (4) : 750-753.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, coeur, heart, peur, fear, dérangement, disturbance.

Smith G.V. 1982. Vancouver Island marmot: present status, 1981 [La marmotte de l'île de Vncouver : état actuel, 1981]. Unpbl. rep. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Fish and Wildlife Branch, Nanaimo, 19pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, gestion, management.

Smith G.V. 1983. Vancouver Island marmot inventory, 1983 [Inventaire de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver, 1983]. Unpbl. rep. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Fish and Wildlife Branch, Nanaimo, 12pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, inventaire, inventory.

Smith G.V. 1985. Vancouver Island marmot: present status, 1985 [La marmotte de l'île de Vncouver : état actuel, 1985]. Unpbl. rep. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Fish and Wildlife Branch, Nanaimo, 15pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, statut, status.

Smith G.V. , Sturmanis K. & Masson B. 1984. Vancouver Island marmot inventory, 1984 [Inventaire de la marmotte de l'île de Vancouver, 1984]. Unpbl. rep. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Fish and Wildlife Branch, Nanaimo, 10pp.
En anglais, in Eglish.
Marmota vancouverensis, statut, status.

Smith D.J. & Gardner J.S. 1985. Geomorphic effects of ground squirrels in Mount Rae area, Canadian Rocky Mountains [Effets géomorphiques des écureuils terrestres de la zone du Mont Rae, Rocky Mountains canadiennes]. Arctic & Alpine Research, 14: 205-210.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, géomorphologie, geomorphology, Canada.

Smith Falconer & Grenan Marie M. 1951. Effect of Hibernation upon Survival Time Following Whole-Body Irradiation in the Marmot (Marmota monax) [Effet de l’hibernation sur le temps de survie à la suite de l’irradiation totale du corps de la marmotte (Marmota monax)]. Science, 113(2946): 686-688.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, irradiation, hibernation.

Smith J.D. & Hearn G.W. 1979. Ultrastructure of the apocrine sebaceous anal scent gland of the woodchuck, Marmota monax; evidence for apocrine and mesocrine secretion by a single cell type [Ultrastructure de la glande sébacée apocrine anale de la marmotte, M. monax, preuve de sécrétion apocrine et mésocrine par un seul type cellulaire]. Anat. Rec., 193 (2) : 269-292.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, histologie, histology, glandes, glands.
Light and electron microscope studies of the woodchuck anal scent gland revealed that it is composed of apocrine and sebaceous components emptying into a common duct. In the apocrine acini, the single secretory cell type showed evidence of both merocrine and apocrine secretion. Merocrine secretion resulted in the release of the contents of apical secretory granules while apocrine secretion released apical caps of cytoplasm by a process involving the following: (1) formation of an apical cap, usually containing no organelles or secretory granules; (2) appearance of a single row of flattened vesicles forming an incomplete barrier between the apical cap and the remaining cell cytoplasm; and (3) fusion between vesicles and plasmalemma, causing progressive constriction of the neck of the apical cap and eventual cap release. Since both merocrine and apocrine secretory processes have been reported in three other types of apocrine glands, it is likely that the occurrence of both processes in a single cell is a general characteristic of apocrine cells. Several features apparently unique to these particular apocrine cells were observed, including secretory granules of a single morphological type and a population of small dense-cored basal vesicles of unknown function. Therefore, it would appear that, just as with merocrine cells, apocrine cells from different types of glands also have distinctive morphologies which probably reflect real differences in their functions and products.

Smith John W. 1999. Ascaridoid Nematodes and pathology of the alimentary tract and its associated organs in vertebrates, including man : a literature review [Nématodes ascaridoïdes et pathologie dutube digestif et des organes associés chez les vertébrés, homme y compris]. Helminthological abstracts, 68(2) : 49-96.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota bobac, Ascaris tarbagan, parasitisme, parasitism, Nématodes, Nematodes, pathologie, pathology.
4. Mongolian bobaks (Marmota bobac)
According to Mozgovoi (1953), heavy infections with Ascaris tarbagan in Mongolian bobaks may lead to blockage of the intestine and rupture of the intestinal wall. Pathogenesis depends on the intensity of infection. In mild infections (with from 10 to 20 worms), some inflammatory phenomena are seen in the intestinal mucosa. The mucous membrane is diffusely swollen, haemorrhagic and inflamed, and at worm attachment points there is often bleeding. In severe infections (with from 75 to 123 worms), the intestinal mucosa is severely inflamed, the wall capillaries are enlarged, the mucosa is extensively ulcerated, and the intestine is dry for a considerable distance. The duodenum and the first part of the middle intestine have the appearance of a greatly enlarged red tube, through the thickened walls of which worms have penetrated.

Smith H.C. 1993. Alberta mammals, an atlas and guide [MammifÀres de l’Alberta, atlas et guide]. Provincial Mus. Alberta, Edmonton. 239 pp.
En anglais, in English.
MammifÀres, Mammalia, Mammals, Alberta, États-Unis d’Am»rique, USA.

Smith M.C. 1972. Seasonal variation in home ranges of woodchucks [Variations saisonnières du domaine vital des mamottes des bois]. M. Sc. thesis, Univ. of Guelph, Ontario.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, écologie, ecology, spatial, Canada : Ontario.

Smith M.C. & Christian J.J. 1960. Reproductive cycles and litter size in the woodchuck [Cycles de reproduction et taille des portées chez la marmotte des bois]. Ecology, 4: 647-655.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, écologie, ecology, reproduction.

Smith M.C. & Davis D.E. & Christian J.J. 1961. Seasonal changes in the weights of woodchucks [Changements saisonniers des masses corporelles chez les marmottes des bois]. J. Mammal., 49: 297-312.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, rythme, rhythm, masse, mass, saison, season.

Smith Mary Taylor & Smith Mary Anna (illustration) 1980. Groundhog day on the Humber. Toronto : M.T. Smith & M.A. Smith, 19 p.
En anglais, in English.
Marmotte, marmot, littérature enfantine, juvenile literature.

Smith Philip Henry 1877. General history of Duchess County from 1609 to 1876, inclusive : illustrated with numerous wood-cuts, maps, and full-page engravings [Histoire générale du comté Duchess de 1609 à 1876, comprenant : illustré de nombreuses gravures sur bois, cartes, et gravures pleine page]. Published by the author, Paling, N.Y., 516 p., Num. Cornell University.
En anglais, in English.
Histoire, history, faune, fauna, Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, ground marmot p.37, Putnam County (N.Y.), États-Unis d’Amérique, United States of America.
Extrait pdf extract

Smolev (Smolef) Ya. S. 1902. Bouryatskaya legenda o tarbagane [La légende Bouriate de la marmotte tarbagna. The Buryatian legend on the tarbagan]. Tr. Troitskosavosko-Kekhtinskogo otd. Priamour-skogo otdela RGO, 3 (1): 101-103.
Marmota sibirica, médecine, medicine, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology, Russie, Russia, Bouriatie, Buratia.

Snutsov (Snutsof) V.V. 1981. [Structure territoriale de la population et relations intraspécifiques de Marmota sibirica dans le Touva. Territorial structure of the population and intraspecific relationships in M. sibirica in the Tuva]. Zool. J., 60 (9) : 1394-1405.
Marmota sibirica, ethologie, éthology, population, Russie, Russia, Touva.

Snyder R.L. 1961. Evolution and integration of mechanisms that regulate population growth [Évolution et intégration des mécanismes qui régulent la croissance de population]. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 47 : 449-455.
En anglais, in English.
Population, croissance, growth.

Snyder R.L. 1962. Reproductive performance of a population of woodchucks after a change in sex-ratio [Performances reproductives d'une population de marmotte des bois après une modification de la sex-ratio]. Ecology, 43 : 506-515.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, population, reproduction.

Snyder G.E. 1974. Behavioral and environmental factors in the spatial distribution and population dynamics of yellow-bellied marmot population. [Facteurs environnementaux et comportementaux dans la dynamique de répartition spatiale de population de marmotte à ventre jaune]. Ecology, 55 : 760-771.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, écologie, ecology, éthologie, ethology, population, spatial.

Snyder G.E. 1976. The biology of population growth [La biologie de la croissance de population]. St. Martin's Press, New York.
En anglais, in English.
Population.

Snyder R.L. & Christian J.J. 1960. Reproductive cycle and litter size of the woodchuck [Cycle reproductif et taille des portées chez la marmotte des bois]. Ecology, 41 : 647-656.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, population, reproduction, États-Unis d'Amérique, Pennsylvanie.

From 1955 to 1958 the reproductive organs of 382 adult female woodchucks from a 10,000 acre area in south central Pennsylvania were examined to obtain information about reproduction and the reproductive cycle. The sexually mature males emerged from the hibernation dens around February 1 in this locality, about 3 to 4 weeks before the females and the sub-adult males. The majority of the sexually mature females were inseminated during the first 3 weeks of March and most of the young were born during a period from April 1 to April 21, the mean date of parturition being approximately April 10. From 75 to 80% of the females were pregnant each year, excep in 1956 when only 20 of 36 examined were pregnant. The collective noun gravidum (pl. gravida) has been introduced to describe the total number of embryos or fetuses in a pregnancy. Gravidum is considered to be a prenatal counterpart of litter. The mean number of implantations per gravidum varied considerably from year to year, being as low as 4,00 in 1956 and as high as 4.67 in 1957. The percentage resorption of embryos and fetuses declined from 16.6 in 1955 and 26.1 in 1957 to13.2 in 1958. The approximate average litter size was highest in 1958, 3.97 compared to 3.47 in 1955 and 3.42 in 1957. The reproductive rate increased from lows of 2.59 in 1955 and 2.57 in 1957 to 3.24 in 1958.

Snyder R.L., Davis D.S. & Christian J.J. 1961. Seasonals changes in the weights of woodchucks [Changements saisonniers de la masse corporelle chez la marmotte des bois]. J. Mammal., 42 (3) : 297-312.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, rythme, rhythm, masse, mass.

An account of the seasonal changes in the weights of woodchucks, Marmota monax monax is given for three age classes: (l) young of the year, (2) yearling, and (3) adult. The weight of the retroperitoneal white fat below the diaphragm and to the right of the dorsal aorta was taken as an index of the total amount of fat to illustrate the cyclic deposition and utilization of fat by these animals during the year. Woodchucks attain progressively higher weights each year for the first three years of life at least. They gain and lose weight periodically, gaining weight for about six months, then losing weight for the next six. The mean rate of increase in weight was highest, 16-20 grams per day (April through September), in the young of the year, but diminished to l4.7 grams per day (May through September) in the yearling class and ll.5-13.0 grams per day (April through August in the adult class. Total losses during the period of decline in weight ranged from 20 per cent of the prehibernal weight of young males to 37 per cent of the prehibernal weight of adult males. The rate of loss of weight immediately after hibernation was much higher than the rate during hibernation. Much of the fat stored prior to hibernation was still present in late winter when the animals emerged from hibernation. Adult males emerged from hibernation approximately a month before the females and the yearling males. Fat was utilized as a source of energy during the period of scarcity of food which followed hibernation. Fat was also an important source of energy for the females during the spring breeding season, as they utilized fat reserves during gestation and lactation.

Snyder R.L. & Ratcliffe H.L. 1969. Marmota monax: a model for studies of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and neoplastic disease [M. monax un modèle pour les études des maladies cardiovasculaires, cérébrovasculaire et néoplasmiques]. Acta Zool. Path. Antverpiensia, 48 : 265-273.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, modèle, model, médecine, medicine, coeur, heart, circulation.

Snyder R.L. & Summers J. 1980. Woodchuck hepatitis virus and hepatocellular carcinoma [Le virus de l'hépatite de la marmotte et carcinome hépatocellulaire]. In Viruses in naturally occuring cancer, Cold Spring Harbor Conferences on Cell Proliferation, 7 : 447-457.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, épidémiologie, epidemiology, virus.

Snyder R.L., Tyler G. & Summers J. 1982. Chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma associated with woodchuck hepatitis virus [Hépatite chronique et carcinome hépatocellulaire associé au virus de l'hépatite de la marmotte]. Am. J. Pathol., 107: 422-425.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, épidémiologie, epidemiology, virus.

Snyder R.L., Tyler G. & Summers J. 1982.Chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma associated with woodchuck hepatitis virus [Hépatite chronique et cancer hépatocellulaire associées au virus de l'hépatite]. Am. J. Pathol., 107(3): 422-425.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Sobolevskaya K.A. 1950. Rastitel'nost' Touvy [La végétation du Touva. Vegetation in Tuva]. Novosibirsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Végétation, vegetation, Touva, Tuva.

Sobrero L. & G. Manilla 1988. Aggiornamenti sulle zecche d'Italia. Suppl. a Bonifica, IV, 2, 111 pp.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Acariens, Acarida, Italie, Italy.

Société de naturalistes et d’agriculteurs 1804 (An XII). Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, principalement à l'agriculture et à l’Economie rurale et domestique [New dictionary of Natural history, applied to arts, mainly farming and rural and domestic economy]. Tome24, Déterville, Paris.
En français, in French.
Dictionnaire, dictionary, Arctomys marmota extract, Arctomys bobac, Arctomys monax.
Extrait pdf extract

Société de naturalistes et d’agriculteurs 1816. Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l’agriculture, à l’économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine [New dictionary of Natural history, applied to arts, mainly farming and rural and domestic economy]. Tome IV. BOE-CAL, Deterville, Paris, num. Google.
En français, in French.
Boubach, bobaque, bobac.
Extrait pdf extract
Société de naturalistes et d’agriculteurs 1817. Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l’agriculture, à l’économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine [New dictionary of Natural history, applied to arts, mainly farming and rural and domestic economy]. Tome XVII, KAA-LIG. Deterville, Paris.
En français, in French.
Lapin de Bahama, monax.
Extrait pdf extract
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain) 1839. Cyclopædia. Vol. XV, Massagetae - Muridae. Charles Knight and Co, London, William Jackson, New York, Joseph H. Francis, Philadelphia, Boston, Orrin Rogers, Philadelphia, W.N. Harrison, Baltimore.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, figure, Marmota monax, marmotte du Québec, Quebec marmot, figure, Arctomys empetra, Mus empetra, siffleur, tarbagan, weenusk (Cree).br>Extrait pdf extract
Soergel W. 1919. Losse. Eiszeiten und paläolithische Kulturen. Jena, pp. 177.
En allemand, in German.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène.
Sokolov (Sokolof) A.S. 1964. Stroenie myshts zadneï konetchnosti ou predstavnite-leï semejstva belitchikh [Constitution musculaire des pattes postérieures chez les Sciuridae. Muscular constitution of the hind legs of Sciuridae). Tr. zool. in-ta AN SSSR, 33.
En russe, in Russian.
Sciuridae, muscle.
Sokolov. Mammals of Eurasia [Mammifères d'Eurasie]. Vol.2: Rodentia
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, Rodentia.
Sokolov V.E. 1973a. Kojnyï pokrov mlekapitayuchtchykh [La peau des mammifères. Skin of mammals]. M., Naouka, 487 pp.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, peau, skin.
Sokolov V.E. 1973b. [La marmotte à longue queue (Marmota caudata). Long-tailed marmot (Marmota caudata)]. In The skin of animals, Moscow: Nauka Publishers, 176.3425.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata.
Sokolov V.E. 1977. Sistematika mlekopitayuchtchikh (zaïtseobraznye, gryzounoy) [Systematics of mammals. Systématique des mammifères]. Vyschaya chkola, Moskva, pp. 494.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, taxonomie, taxonomy.
Sokolov V.E. ed. 1983. Mlekopitayuchtchie faouny SSSR [Faune des mammifères d'URSS. The mammal fauna in USSR]. Akad. naouk. SSSR, M., L., Vol. 1: 1-639.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, URSS, USSR.
Sokolov V.E. 1986. [L'odre des marmottes. La marmotte de Menzbier. The order Marmots. Menzbier's Marmot]. Rare and Vanishing Species. Mammals, Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola Publishers, 191-193.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbier.
Sokolov V.E. 1988. Dictionary of animal names in five languages. Mammals [Dictionnaire des noms des animaux en cinq langues. Les mammifères]. Russky Yazyk publishers, Moscow, pp. 350.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, Marmota bobac, Marmota broweri, Marmota caligata, Marmota camtschatica, Marmota caudata, Marmota flaviventris, Marmota himalayana, Marmota marmota, Marmota menzbieri, Marmota monax, Marmota olympus, Marmota sibirica, Marmota vancouverensis.
Sokolov V.E., Ad'ya Ia. & Stepanova L.V. 1993. [Structure de la glande anale de la marmotte de Mongolia. Structure of the anal gland of the Mongolian woodchuck]. Dokl. Akad. Nauk., 331(1): 122-126.
En russe, in Russian.
Sokolov V.E., Ad'ya Y. & Stepanova L.V. 1994. [Structure of the anal gland of the Mogolian bobak. Structure de la glande anale de la bobac de Mongolie]. Dokl. Biol. Sci. (Engl. Transl. Dokl. Akad. Naouk), 331: 257-261.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, glandes, glands.
Sokolov V.E. & Orlov V.N. 1980. [Guide des mammifères de la République populaire de Mongolie. Handbook of mammals of the Mongolian People's Republic]. Naouka, Moscow, 351 pp.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, faunistique, fauna, Mongolie, Mongolia.
Sokolov V.E., Skurat L.N. & Nikiforova ZH.M. 1981. [Caractéristiques morphologiques des poils des familles de Pteromyidae et Sciuridae. Morphologic characteristics of the hairs of Ptermyidae and Sciuridae families]. Zool. J., 60 (7) : 1058-1069.
En russe, in Russian.
Sciuridae, fourrure, fur.

Sokolov V.E., Stepanova L.V. & Ad'yaa Y. & 1993. [Structure des glandes plantaires de la marmotte de Mongolie. Structure of the plantar gland of the Mongolian marmot]. Dokl. Akad. Nauk., 333(6): 814-817.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, glandes, glands.
Sokolov V.E., Stepanova L.V. & Ad'yaa Y. & 1994. Structure of plantar glands of the Mongolian bobak [Structure des glandes plantaires de la bobac de Mongolie]. Dokl. Biol. Sci. (Engl. Transl. Dokl. Akad. Naouk), 331: 490-493.
En anglais, in England
Marmota sibirica, glandes, glands.
Solari V.C. 1988a. Versuch einer Kausalanalyse der Verbreitung und Dichte des Alpenmurmeltieres (Marmota m. marmota) im Kanton Tessin Schweiz [Analyse de la distribution et de la densité de population de la marmotte des Alpes dans le canton du Tessin, Suisse. Distribution and population density of the Alpine Marmot distribution and density in the canton of Ticino (Switzerland]: a causal analysis. Z. Jagdwis., 34: 77-85.
En allemand, in German
Marmota marmota, biogéographie, biogeography, densité, Suisse, Switzerland, Tessin.
In Kanton Tessin (Schweiz) wurde in den Jarhen 1984-85 durch Wildhüterbefragungen, Begehungen und Zählungen, ein Murmeltierkataster erstellt. Die Zählungen wurden mit einer standardisierten Methode durchgeführt, die für diese Untersuchung entwickelt wurde und im Text beschrieben wird. In der Folge wurde versucht, die Ursachen dieses Verbreitungsmusters herauszufinden. Als witchtige das Vorkommen und die Dichte des Murmeltiers beeinflussende Faktoren haben wir die Pflanzengesellschaft Poion alpinae (Alpweide) und den Jagddruck gefunden. Die Bedeutung andere hochalpiner Rasengesellschaften wird diskurtiert.
Distribution and numbers of marmots were studied in the Canton of Tocino during 1984 and 1985. inventory data were baseds on enquiries of game wardens as well as on own censuses. The armots were counted by mean of a standadized method devised for this study. Results were plotted by 1 km-squares and compared with the distribution of various types of alpine-grass vegetation as well as with the pattern of hunting pressure. Both hunting pressure and the presence of alpine pastures (Poion alpinae association) proved to be of importance for the distribution and numbers of marmots. Transl. P. Mosimann
Dans les annnées 1984 et 1985, nous avons procédé à l'élaboration d'un inventaire des marmottes du canton du Tessin. D'abord à l'aide de renseignements fournis par les garde-chasse qui permirent de se faire une première idée de la situation; ensuite par des excursions et des rencesements dans le cas où la situation exigeait une vérification plus approfondie. Les recensements ont été effectués avec une méthodestandardisée et développée pour cette occasion qui est décrite dans l'étude. La distribution des marmottes a été ensuite comparée avec la distribution de différents types de prairies alpines et avec la pression de la chasse. Entre les différentes associations végétales, ce sont les pâturages alpins (Poion alpinae) qui ont donné la meilleure corrélation avec la distribution de la marmotte. La pression de la chasse joue aussi un rôle très important au Tessin. Trad.: B. Nicolet.

Soldatov M. S. 1991. Osobennosti dinamiki rasitel'nosti sourtchin v svyazi s razvitnem solontsovykh kompleksov severnogo Kazakhstana [Propriétés dynamiques de la végétation des terriers de marmotte avec une référence spéciale aux complexes solonets du nord du Kazakhstan. The properties of the dynamics of vegetation of marmot burrows with special reference to the solonets complexes of the North Kazakhstan]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 141- 145.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, terrier, burrow, végétation, vegetation, Kazakhstan.
Soldatov M. S. 1997. Some items of information on a condition of natural colonization of marmot bobac in southern regions of Chuvash Republic [Quelques informations sur la colonisation naturelle des régions du sud de la République Tchouvache]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobrazniya (Holartic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mejdunarodnaya Konferentsiya po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov (III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts], 93 (Russian), 195 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobac, colonisation, République Tchouvache.
Soldatova A.M. 1972. Formy individoualizatsii territorii ou melkikh mlekopitayuchtchykh [Formes d'individualisation des territoires chez les petits mammifères. Individualization forms of territory in the small mammals]. Teriologiya, Novosibirsk, Naouka, 1 : 240-246.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammlia, territoire, territory.
Sole-Sabaris L. 1951. Los Pirineos. El medio y el Hombre [Les Pyrénées. Le milieu et l'homme]. Editorial Alberto Martin, Barcelona, 624pp.
En espagnol, in Spanish.
Marmota marmota, Espagne, Pyrénées.
Solodskaya A.D. 1974. Sovremennoe sostoyanie Zabaïkal'skogo prirodnogo otchaga tchoumy [Situation actuelle du foyer de peste naturelle du Transbaïkal. Present state in the natural foci of plague in Cis-baikal]. Dokl. Irkout. protivotchoumn. in-ta, 10.
En russe, in Russian.
Épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Transbaïkal.
Solodskaya A.D., Guzhevnikov (Goujevnikof) I.A. & Khalaganov (Khalaganof) S.A. 1973. Zabaïkal'skiï prirodnyï otchag tchoumy i meropriyatiya po ego ozdorovleniyu [Foyer naturel de la peste du Transbaïkal et actions de lutte pour sa guérison. Natural foci of plague in Cis-Baikal and fight against plague]. V kn. Profilaktika tchoumy v prirodnykh otchagakh: Materialy konf. Saratov.
En russe, in Russian.
Épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Transbaïkal.
Solodskaya A.D., Kolesnik V.S. & Korobezhnikova (Korobejnikova) A.I. 1962. Ekoperimental-iskaya toulyaremiya tarbagarov [Tularémie expérimentale des marmottes tarbagan. Experimental tularemia in tarbagan marmots]. Dokl. irskoutskogo PTchI, 24, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, épidémiologie, epidemiology, tularémie, tularemia.
Solodskaya A.D., Kolesnik R.S. & Pretnikova G.P. 1961. O vospriimtchivosti tarbaganov k tchoume v period zimneï spyatchki [Sur la résistance à la peste des marmottes tarbagans pendant l'hibernation. On plague resistance of tarbagan marmots during hibernation]. Dokl. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 2, Tchita.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.
Solodskaya A.D., Pretnikova G.P., Kolesnik R.S. & Agarin G.P. 1963. O sezonnoï vospriimtchivosti tarbaganov k tchoumnoï infektsii [Résistance saisonnière des marmottes tarbagans à l'infection de la peste. Seasonal resistance of tarbagan marmots to plague infection]. Dokl. Irkoutskogo PTchI, 6, Ouita.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.
Solomon N.G. & Getz L.L. 1997. Examination of alternative hypotheses for cooperative breeding in rodents [Examen des hypothèses alternatives sur l'élevage coopératif chez les rongeurs]. In Cooperative breeding in mammals, Solomon N.G. & French J.A., eds;, Cambridge Univ. Press, 199-230.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, reproduction, coopération.
Solomon Nancy G. 2003. A reexamination of factors influencing philopatry in rodents [Réexamen des facteurs influençant la philopatrie chez les rongeurs]. Journal of Mammalogy, 84(4): 1182-1197.
En anglais, in English.
The costs and benefits of philopatry (remaining at the natal nest) have been discussed in numerous papers. Nevertheless, there is still debate about the relative importance of factors that favor philopatry, which can result in the formation of social groups. The decision to remain at the natal nest can be examined by using models such as the delayed-dispersal threshold model, which takes into account risks of dispersal, probability of becoming established on a suitable territory, and probability of finding a mate. These factors, in turn, are influenced by ecological variables such as distribution of critical resources and population density. The often-cited conclusion from this and similar models is that ecological or social constraints promote philopatry whereas relaxation of the constraints result in dispersal. More recent theoretical approaches have included not only some of these ecological factors but also life-history traits (e.g., survival and age of maturation). Some of the latter models suggest that external constraints alone are inadequate to explain interspecific variation in group living. I review existing data to evaluate the relative importance of variables proposed to influence philopatry in rodents and argue that future studies may benefit from a broad approach that encompasses life-history and ecological factors, such as adult survival and territory quality.

Retard de dispersion, delayed dispersal, contraintes écologiques, ecological constraints, traits d’histoire de vie, life-history traits, philopatrie, philopatry, rongeurs, rodents.
Solomonov N.G., Anufriev (Anoufrief) A.I., Vasiliev (Vasilief) V.N. & Solomonova T.I. 1990. Zimnyaya spyachka kak adaptatsiya k ousloviyam kholodnogo klimata [Hibernation as Adaptation to Conditions of Cold Climate]. Mekhanismy zimnei spyachki [Mechanisms of Hibernation] Abstracts All-Union Symp. (22-24 Oct. 1990, Makhachkala, pp.110-111.
En russe, in Russian.
Hibernation.
Solomonov N.G. & Lukovtsev (Loukoftsef) Y.S. 1994. [Marmotte du Kamtschatka. Kamschatka marmot]. Rapport sur le cadastre de la République Sakha de Yakoutie.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, répartition, distribution, Yakoutie.
Solomonov N.G., Lukovtsev Yu.S., Okhlopkov (Okhlopof) I.M., Krivoshapkin A.A., Vasiliev V.N., Yakovlev (Yakovlef) F.G. 1996. Rol’ mlekopitayushchikh v gornykh ekosistemakh Severo-Vostochnoi Yakoutii [Role of Mammals in Mountain Ecosystems in North-Eastern Yakutia. In: Science and Education]. Nauka i obrazovanie, No 4, pp. 122-129.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Mammals, montagne, mountain.
Solomonov N.G., Lukovtsev Yu.S. & Vasiliev V.N. 1994. La marmotte à tête noire (Marmota camtschatica Pall.) en Yakoutie. The black-capped marmot (Marmota camtchatica Pall.) in Yakutia. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 138-139.
En français et en anglais, In French and in English.
Marmota camtschatica, réintroduction, re-introduction, Russie, Russia, Yakoutie, Yakutia.
The black-capped marmot is represented in Yakutia by two subspecies : M. c. bungei dwells in Northern-Eastern Yakutia in Verkhoyan, Chersky and Momski mountain ranges. M. c. doppelmayeri dwells in Vitim- Ollokminsky highlands, Charo-Tokkinsky country between two rivers, in the Aldan, the Chulman and the Iengri rivers-heads on Zverev mountain-ridge as independent populations. In historical time the species areal was more broad. It is known that during last sixty years the independent kondakovsky population had disappeared in the lower reaches of the Indigirka-river, in last 30 years the colonies had been destroyed near the lakes Sutorokha and Ozhogino in Abuisky region and on a considerable part of Momsky mountain range. M. camtschatica future depends on man, his efforts on protection of existing population, on considered actions on its reacclimatization.

Solomonov N.G., YU. S. Lukovtsev, V. N. Vasiliev & Semonov (Semenof) Yu. 1996. La marmotte à tête noire (Marmota camtschatica Pall.) en Yakoutie. The black-capped marmot (Marmota camtschatica Pall.) in Yakutia. In Biodiversité chez les marmottes/Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network,.251-256.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota camtschatica, réintroduction, re-introduction, Russie, Russia, Yakoutie, Yakutia.
En Yakoutie, 2 sous-espèces de marmotte sont présentes : M. camtschatica bungei dans les monts Verkhoyan, Chersky et Momski (N-E) et M. c. doppelmayeri sur les hauts du Vitim-Oliokminsky, dans le Charo-Tokkinsky, et aux sources de l'Aldan, de Chulman et de Iengri (chaîne de Zverev,) en populations indépendantes. Au cours des temps historiques, l'aire de l'espèce était plus importante. Ces 60 dernières années, les populations de Kondakovsky (aval de l'Indigirka) et celles des lacs Sutorokha et Ozhogino (région d'Abuisky), et d'une partie importante des monts de Momsky ont disparu. Le futur de M. camtschatica dépend de l'homme, de ses efforts de protection des populations existantes, des actions de réintroduction.
In Yakutia two subspecies of the black-capped marmot are present : M. c. bungei in Verkhoyan, Chersky and Momski mountains (North-East) and M. c. doppelmayeri in Vitim-Oliokminsky highlands, Charo-Tokkinsky country, Aldan, Chulman and Iengri river-heads (Zverev mountain) as independent populations. In historical time the species area was broader. During the last sixty years the independent Kondakovsky population (lower reaches of the Indigirka-river) had disappeared, as well as the colonies near the lakes Sutorokha and Ozhogino (Abuisky region) and on a large part of Momsky mountain range. M. camtschatica future depends on man, his efforts on protection of existing population, on considered actions on its reacclimatization.

Solomonov N.G. & Revin Yu.V. 2002. Marmota camtschatica Pall. (1811) in Yakutia (Russia). Marmota camtschatica Pall. (1811) en Yakoutie (Russie). In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 122-123.
Anglais et français ; English and French
Marmota camtschatica bungei, Marmota camtschatica doppelmayeri, black-capped marmot, marmotte à tête noire, Northeastern Yakutia, Nord-est Yakoutie, South Yakutia, Sud Yakoutie.
Solov'yova N. 1956. [La marmotte de Menzbier. Menzbier's Marmot]. Ogonyok, 5 : 32.
En russe, in Russia.
Marmota menzbieri.
Solski Ruth & Brownson Jennifer (illustration) 1986. Groundhog day : grade one : nineteen activities [Journée de la marmotte]. Oshawa, Ont. : S&S Learning Materials, 29p.
En anglais, in English.
Littérature enfantine, juvenile literature, enseignement, teaching.
Solski Ruth & Brownson Jennifer (illustration) 1986. A groundhog celebration : grades two to three : twenty-one activities. Oshawa, Ont., S&S Learning Materials, 29 p.
En anglais, in English.
Littérature enfantine, juvenile literature, enseignement, teaching.
Somora J. 1954. Svist horsky (Arctomys marmota L.). Ochrana prirody, 2 : 36-41.
Marmota marmota latirostris.
Sonneborn J.S., Gottsch H., Cubin E., Oeltgen P. & Thomas P. 2004. Alternative strategy for stress tolerance: opioids [Stratégie alternative pur la tolérance au stress : opioïdes] . J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 59(5): 433-440.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, opioïdes endogènes, endogenous opioïds, hibernation.
Endogenous opioids have been implicated in the pathway of tolerance to stresses. Hibernating tissues tolerate stress. Serum from hibernating woodchucks (hibernation induction trigger [HIT]), from summer nonhibernating animals (summer woodchuck active plasma [SWAP], and potential "hibernation opioid mimics" (D-Ala(2) D Leu(5) Enkephalin [DADLE]), and Deltorphin D (Delt D) were used as ischemic preconditioning agents (IPC) in an in vivo surgically induced cardiac ischemia rat model. Comparison of the IPC treatment was monitored by the molecular intensity of stress transcripts for polyubiquitin and HSP70 in Northern blot analyses. Delt D and HIT significantly reduced total polyubiquitin transcript expression, 2.1-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively, in ischemic tissue, while SWAP and DADLE did not differ from saline controls. The Delt D effect was sensitive to glibenclamide (Glb), a K(ATP) (potassium adenosine triphosphate) channel blocker. No inducible HSP70 was detected. The demonstration of an opioid IPC modulation of the ubiquitin stress pathway found here may be relevant for development of drug intervention in heart attacks and stroke.

Sonneville-Bordes de D. ed. 1979. La fin des temps glaciaires en Europe - Chronostratigraphie et écologie des cultures du paléolithique final [The end of the ice ages in Europe - Chronostratigraphy and ecology of the upper paleolithic cultures]. Colloque international du C.N.R.S., 271, Bordeaux-Talence, 1977.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, paléolithique, paleonlithic, Europe.
Soper J.D. 1942. Mammals of Wood Buffalo Park, Northern Alberta and district of Mackenzie [Mammifères du Parc Wood Buffalo, Alberta septentrional et district de Mackenzie].Journal of Mammalogy, 23(2): 119-145.
En anglais, in English.
Faune, fauna, Marmota monax, Alberta, Canada, Mackensie.
Fauna list: Northwest Territories, Canada, Gulo gulo luscus, Gulo luscus, Lutra canadensis, Lepus americanus, Marmota monax, Eutamias minimus, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, Castor canadensis, Ondatra zibethicus, Erethizon dorsatus, Cervus canadensis, Odocoileus hemionus, Rangifer tarandus, Rangifer caribou sylvestris, Alces alces, Alces americana, Bison bison, Canis lupus occidentalis, Canis lycaon occidentalis, Canis latrans, Vulpes vulpes, Vulpes fulva, Alopex lagopus, Lynx canadensis, Euarctos americanus, Ursus americanus, Martes americana, Martes pennanti, Mustela rixosa, Mustela vison, Mustela erminea, Mustela cicognannii, Gulo gulo, Tamaisciurus hudsonicus, Procyon lotor, p.126-127.
Soper J.D. 1946.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, Canada, Mackensie.
Soper J.D. 1948. Mammal notes from the Grand Prairie-Peace River region, Alberta [Notes sur les mammifères de la région de Grand-Prairie-Peace River, Alberta]. Journal of Mammalogy, 29(1): 49-64.
En anglais, in English.
Faune, fauna, mammifères, mammals, Marmota monax, Alberta, Canada.
Fauna list: Gulo gulo luscus, Gulo luscus, Lutra canadensis, Lepus americanus, Marmota monax, Spermophilus franklinii, Citellus frankliniii, Spermophilus tridecemlineatus, Citellus tridecemlineatus, Eutamias minimus, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, Glaucomys sabrinus, Castor canadensis, Ondatra zibethicus, Erethizon dorsatum, Cervus canadensis, Bison bison, Odocoileus virginianus, Odocoileus hemionus, Alces alces, Alces americana, Rangifer tarandus, Rangifer caribou, Canis lupus occidentalis, Canis latrans, Lynx canadensis, Gulo gulo, Euarctos americanus, Martes americana, Martes pennanti, Mustela vison, Mustela rixosa, Mustela frenata, Mustela erminea, Mephitis mephitis, Lutra canadensis, Vulpes vulpes, Vulpes fulva, Spermophilus richardsoni, Citellus richardsoni, Tamaisciurus hudsonicus, Castor canadensis.
Soper J.D. 1964. The mammals of Alberta [Les mammifères de l'Alberta]. Queen's Printer.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota caligata, Alberta.
Sopin L.V. 1973. Dependence of the molting periods of the Altai marmot on feeding and weather conditions, and local elevation [Dépendance de la période de mue des marmottes de l'Altaï par rapport à l'alimentation et aux conditions climatiques et de l'altitude]. Sov. J. Ecol., 4(1): 82-3.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, mue, molt, alimentation, foraging, climat, climate, altitude, elevation.
Sordelli F. 1878. Brevi appunti alla Memoria del Prof. Mercalli: Sulle marmotte fossili trovate nei dintorni di Como. [Notes brèves à la mémoire du Prof. Mercalli. Sur les marmottes fossiles trouvées près de Côme. Short notes in Prof Mercalli memory. On fossil marmots found near Como]. Atti Soc. It. Sc. Nat. e del Museo Civ. St. Nat. Milano, 21(2) : 131.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Italie, Italy.
Soroka O.V. 1999. Dinamika sezonnoï aktivnosti stepnogo sourka na territorii orenbourgskogo zapovelnika. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 92-93.
Marmota bobac, Orenbourg, Orenburg.
Soroka O.V. 2001. Ekologiya stepnaya sourka v gosoudarsvennon prirodnom zapovednikh 'Orenbourskiï" [Écologie de la marmotte des steppes dans la réserve d'état Orenbourgskii. The ecology of the steppe marmot in the state nature reserve "Orenburgskiy"].. Avtoref. kand. dis., M., 1-25.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, écologie, ecology, réserve, reserve, Russie, Russia.
The distribution of the steppe marmot in the territory of reserve "Orenburgskiy", withdrawn from econic use was investigated. The influence of absolutely reserve regime on the density of the population and reproduction of the marmot was reavealed. The territorial preference, spatial organisation of the families and use of the territory by animals, structure of social groups and dynamics quantity of the steppe marmot in territory of reserve was shown. The influence of various factors on intensity of reproduction of the steppe marmot and age structure of population, relative age of mortality of the marmot in burrows was analyzed. The dynamics of seasonal and daily ground activity of the marmot. The influence of weather conditions on duration of the periods of activity and hibernation was investigated.

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Soroka O.V., Rudi V.N., Kulagina N.P. & Sherstyanykh A.A. 1996. Popoulyatsionnaya izmentchivost' morfologitcheskikh priznakov stepnogo sourka na yujnom ourale. Population change of the morphological signs of the steppe marmot in the south Urals [Variation populationnelle des signes morphologiques de la marmotte des steppes du sud de l'Oural]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 78-79.
En russe, in Russia.
Marmota, morphologie, morphology, Oural, Ural.
Soskic V., Grujic-Injac B. & Braunitzer G. 1986. The primary structure of the hemoglobin of the European Souslik (Citellus citellus, Rodentia) [La structure primaire de l'hémoglobine du souslik européen (Citellus citellus, Rodentia)]. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler, 367: 1159-66.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, Marmota marmota, hémoglobine, hemoglobin, sang, blood.
The complete primary structures of two hemoglobin components of the European Souslik (Citellus citellus) are presented. The two hemoglobins have identical alpha-chains but differ in the amino-acid sequence of their beta-chains. The chain separation was achieved by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose CM-52. Amino-acid sequences were established by automatic liquid-phase and gas-phase Edman degradation of the globin chains, of their tryptic peptides and of a peptide resulting from acidic hydrolysis of an Asp-Pro bond in the alpha-chain. The differences between the two beta-chains are manifested in three amino-acid exchanges. The sequences are compared with those of human and European Marmot hemoglobins. Only few differences were found among hemoglobins of C. citellus and other representatives of Sciuromorpha.

Sosnina E.F. & G.S. Davydov 1975. [L'infestation de la marmotte à longue-queue, Marmota caudata, par les poux pendant la période d'activité. The infestation of the long-tailed marmot - Marmota caudata - with lice during its active period]. Parazitologiya, 9(2): 183-189.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, parasitologie, parasitology, entomologie, entomology.
2213 lice of Neohaematopinus palaearctcus Ols. were collected from 152 of 865 examined specimens of Marmota caudata Geoffr. from different vertical zones of Tadjikistan. The long-tailed marmot is characterized by a moderate or poor infestation with lice. In the subalpine zone, where the number and density of these animals in rather high, the infestation rate is greater than that in the brushwood zone. In spring after hibernation the infestation of M. caudata is very low. Within the reporoduction period the infestation with lice increases, the latter begin to reproduce intensively. During the preparation for hibernation the infestation rate falls due to a less intensive reproduction of lice. There are no distinct differences in the infestation rate of long-tailed marmots belonging to different age groups since there are constant contacts between the individuals of the colony. Only reproducing females live together with brood by themselves, differ in moulting periods and in a greater intensity of invasion during reproduction.

Sotnikova A.N., Kochkin S.M. & Soldatov G.M. 1974. Mongol'skie pichtchoukhi. positeli tchoumy v severo-zapadnoï Mongolii [Ochotona de Mongolie, porteur de la peste en Mongolie du nord-ouest. Mongolian Ochotona, plague carrier in north-western Mongolia]. Dokl. Irkout. protivotchoumn. in-ta, 10.
En russe, in Russian.
Épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Mongolie, Mongolia.
Sotnikova A.N., Khvetsenko E.N., Aparik G.P. et al. 1971. Opyt komplekskogo obsledovaniya prirodnogo otchaga tchoumy na territorii Bayan-Oul'giïskogo i Ouvsanourskogo aïmakov MNR [Expérience sur la recherche du foyer complexe naturel de peste sur les territoires de Bayan-Oul'giïsk et d'Ouvsanoursk de la RPM. Experience of research on the natural foci complex of plague in the Bayan-Oul'giïski and Ouvsanourski territories in PRM]. Dokl. Irkout. protivotchmn. in-ta, 9.
Épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Mongolie, Mongolia.
Sosnovskii I.P. [L'odre des rongeurs.The Order Rodents]. Rare and vanishing Animals.Turning the pages of Red Data Book of the USSR, Moscow: Lesnaya Promyshlennost' Publishers, 39- 42.
Rodentia.
Soulié Frédéric 1846. Les Mémoires du diable [Evil memories]. Paris, Paulin.
En français, in French.
Littérature française, French literature, Etnozoologie, ethnozoology.
"L' énorme voiture aux armes de France s' arrêta donc à Boismandé, devant l' auberge accoutumée. Elle dégorgea ses nombreux voyageurs, les hommes coiffés de foulards et de bonnets de soie, les femmes de chapeaux cassés et de marmottes grasses ; les uns et les autres emmaillottés de redingotes déformées, de pelisses flétries, de manteaux usés, etc, tous crottés à faire reculer la brosse " p. 88.

South F.E., Breazile J.E., Dellman H.D. & Epperly A.D. 1969. Sleep hibernation and hypothermia in the yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) [Sommeil hivernal et hypothermie chez la marmotte à ventre jaune (M. flaviventris)]. In Depressed Metabolism, X.J. Musacchia and J.F. Saunders, eds., New-York, Elsevier: 277-312.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, physiologie, physiology, hibernation, thermorégulation, thermoregulation.
South F.E., Hartner W.C. & Luecke R.H. 1975. Responses to preoptic temperature manipulation in the awake and hibernating marmot [Réponses à la manipulation de la température préoptique de marmottes éveillée et hibernante]. Am. J. Physiol., 229 (1) : 150-160.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, physiologie, physiology, hibernation, système nerveux, nervous system.
Expériences destinées à évaluer la possibilité de variations de l'activité EEG de la marmotte dans l'hypothèse où un stimulus thermique constituerait une perturbation non-spécifique. Etude des mécanismes impliqués dans la thermorégulation aux températures d'hibernation corporelle. Manipulation du Tpo (température préoptique hypothalamique) à différentes reprises pendant le cycle de l'hibernation pour en examiner les effets, en particulier sur le degré d'éveil de l'animal actif.

Southesk Carnegie James Earl of 1875. Saskatchewan and the Rocky Mountains: a diary and narrative of travel, sport, and adventure during a journey through the Hudson's Bay Company's territories in 1859 and 1860. Medeine tent River and North River Camps, Chap. XIII. Toronto, J. Campbell, Edinburgh, Edmonston and Douglas.
Parry's marmot, marmotte de Parry, Arctomys Parryi p. 230, Sifflet, Whistle p.191,viande du siffleur, siffleur meat p. 192, peau, skin p. 198, Canada, Southesk Carnegie James Earl of 1827-1905.
Texte complet/Full text ICMH (Institut Canadien de Microreproductions historiques)/CIHM
Spagnesi Marco. Roditori. Marmotta [Rongeurs. Marmota]. In Mammiferi d'italia Mario Spagnesi & Anna Maria De Marinis Eds., Quaderni di Conservazione della Natura, 14: 165-167.
En italien, in Ialtian.
Rodentia.
Available pdf disponible
Spagnesi M., Berteloni E., Cagnolaro L. 1979. La distribuzione degli Ungulati e della Marmota nel Parco nazionale dello Stelvio, nelle Alpi e Prealpi lombarde e nel Cantone Ticino (Svizzera) [Distribution des ongulés et de la marmotte du Parc National du Stelvio, des Alpes et préalpes Lombardes, et du canton du Tessin (Suisse). Ongulates and marmot distribution in the Stelvio National Park, in the Alps and Lombardia prealps and the Tessin canton (Switzerland)]. Ricerche di biologica delle Selvaggina, 66 : 1-123.
En italien, in Italian.
Marmota marmota, répartition, distribution, Italie; Italy, Lombardie, Lombardia, Suisse, Swizerland, Tessin.
Spagnesi M. & A. M. De Marinis (eds.) 2002 Mammiferi d’Italia [Mammifères d'Italie]. Quad. Cons. Natura, 14, Min. Ambiente - Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica.
Mammifères, Mammals, Mammalia, Italie, Italy.
Spallanzani 1787. Opuscule de physique animale et végétale [Opuscule of animal and vegetal physics]. Trad. de Sénebier, Genève.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, hibernation, thermorégulation, thermoregulation.
Spallanzani dit que M. de Buffon est le premier qui se soit occupé sérieusement à chercher la cause de l'hivernation, mais il lui reproche d'avoir dit que les Lérots, les Loirs, les Hérissons et les Chauves-Souris ont un sang froid et n'ont par eux-mêmes aucune chaleur, de sorte qu'à l'approche de l'hiver leur sang se refroidit comme l'atmosphère. Ce reproche est exagéré, mais Spallanzani n'en insiste pas moins sur ce fait déjà constaté par de Haller, Lister, Robinson et Lancisi (Phys., II) que le sang des Hérissons est chaud. Il fait les mêmes constatations sur ces animaux et sur les Chauves-Souris. Un de ses amis, Giannambragio Sangiorgio, de Milan, examina deux Marmottes sur sa demande et observa, dans un cas, 26 degrés c'est-à-dire 16 degrés au-dessus de l'atmosphère ambiante : l'autre Marmotte avait une température de 27 degrés. Spallanzani lui-même vit le thermomètre monter dans la bouche d'une Marmotte à 31 degrés. Il l'a vu s'élever, en outre, à 30 degrés et même à 31 degrés dans la bouche d'un Hérisson et dans le corps d'une Chauve-Souris, d'où il résulte, Appendice, Dubois, 1896a.

Spahni 1951. Les grottes d'Onnion par Saint Jeoire en Faucigny, premières stations moustériennes en Haute-Savoie [Onnion par Saint Jeoire en Faucigny Caves, first mousterian stations in Haute-Savoie]. Revue Savoisienne, 61 pp.
En français, in French.
Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, France, Haute-Savoie.

Sparks D.R. & Malechek J.C. 1968. Estimating percentage dry weight in diets using a microscopic technique [Estimation du pourcentge de poids sec des régimes alimenatires à l'aide d'un microscope]. J. Range Manage., 21: 264-265.
En anglais, in English.
Alimentation, diet.
Spasski A.A. & Chalaeva (Tchalaeva) N.M. 1961. Obnaroujenie Ctenotaenia marmotae (Frölich, 1802) ou sourkov SSSR [Découverte de Ctenotaenia marmotae (Frölich, 1802) chez les marmottes d'URSS. Discovery of Ctenotaenia marmotae (Frölich, 1802) in the Marmots of USSR]. Tr. Gel'mintol. labor. AN SSSR, 11.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, URSS, USSR.
Spasski A.A., Ryzhikov (Rijikof) K.M. & Sudarikov (Soudarikof) B.E. 1950. K poznaniyu gel'mintofaouny sourka Menzbira (M. menzbieri Kaschk.) [À propos de l'helminthofaune de la marmotte de Menzbier (M. menzbieri Kaschk.). About the helminthofauna of the Menzbier's marmot (M. menzbieri Kaschk.)]. Tr. Gel'mintologitcheskoï laboratorii AN SSSR, 4: 32-39.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota menzbieri, parasitologie, parasitology.
Spears R. 1909. Woodchuck ways [Les habitudes de la marmote commune américaine]. Forest and stream, July 21: 176.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax.
Speleus 1870. Ça et là dans les Pyrénées [This way and that in the Pyrenees]. Toulouse, Brun,155 p., Num. BNF.
En français, in French.
Descriptions et voyages, descriptions and travels, Pyrénées, Pyrenees.
Spitz F. 1992. Introduzione alla sessione alla sessione di ecologia. Introduction to the session ecology [Introduction à la session d'écologie]. Proc. 1st Inter. symp. on Alpine Marmot and gen. Marmota, Bassano B., Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. eds., 109-110.
En italien et anglais, in Italian and English.
Ecologie, ecology.

Spivakova L.V. 1982. [La prostate des marmottes grises du nord du Tien Chan. Prostate gland of grey marmots of North Tien Shan]. Mater. III S'ezda Vsesojuz. Teriol. Obschestva, M.,2: 82-83.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, physiologie, physiology, prostate, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.
Spivakova L.V. 1988. Sezonnye izmeneniya mikrostrouktoury gonad i pridatotchnykh polovykh jelez samtsov serogo sourka [Changements saisonniers de la microstructure des gonades et ganglions sexuels des mâles de la marmotte grise. Seasonal changes of the microstucture of gonads and sexual ganglions in males of grey marmots]. Ekologiya i povedenie mlekopitaiushikh Kazakhstana [Ecology and behaviour of mammals of Kazhstan], Alma-Ata, Naouka, 143-155.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, reproduction.
Spivakova L.V. 1994. Influence de la chasse sur Marmota baibacina centralis Thomas dans le Tien Chan septentrional. Influence of hunting on Marmota baibacina centralis Thomas in northern Tien Shan Mountains. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 140-141.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota baibacina, population, densité, density, reproduction, chasse, hunting, jeunes, young, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.
In March-August of 1986-1990 in the Sarytau Mts. (spurs of Ketmen Ridge) on 3 experimental sites (surface of each site: l.5 km2, density: 90-150 marmots for l km2), 78 families were observed. Around 10-25% of the population were hunted annually. It was ascertained that moderated hunting stimulated reproduction in the family groups. Whereas before the beginning of hunting juveniles were present in 74.4% of the family groups, in 1988-89. after 2-3 years of hunting, they were present in 93.6%. In 1987, 100 individuals (69 of them adults) were taken, in 1988 only 5.3% of them did not have litters. In 1989 from 27 hunted during previous years, 4l adults were taken; in 1990 only one the family groups (3.6%) did not have juveniles. At the same time from 22 of the family groups not being hunted 9.l% did not have juveniles the next year. From 6 to 11 marmots (including 4-7 adults) were taken from 4 the family groups during 4 years which annually had litters; from 6 not hunted annually l-2 did not have juveniles. The negative influence of hunting reveals itself in the mortality of juveniles which is usually higher in families where females with juveniles had been taken. Thus, in 15 such the family groups 28 (49%) juveniles from 59 perished in 1987-1988, whereas in control families and in those where juveniles were taken together with individuals of the third and fourth year the mortality of juveniles reached 35.2% (74 of 210 born marmots).

Spivakova I.V., Bekenov A.V. & Murzov V.N. 2005. New data concerning a quantity of long-tailed marmot in Kazakhstan’s part of the Kyrgyz Alatau. Novye dannye o tchilennosti dlinnokhvostogo sourka v Kazakhstanskoï tchasti Kirgizskogo Alataou. [Nouvelles données sur des marmottes à longue queue dans la partie Kazake de l’Alataou Kirghise]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 110-111.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota caudata, population, Kazakhstan.
Monitoring of long-tail marmot that began in 1990s (Marmota caudata) were resumed in 2004 in the gorges of the northern slopes of the Kyrgyz Alatau: Aspara, Merke, Oirandi, Sandyktas, and Karakystak. A total mileage over the area under study was 500 km. The length of auto- and foot-transect is 56 km. A total area of count site is 40.8 km2. 336 marmot families consisting of 1970 animais in the aggregate were found in the area. Number of animals per one family ranged from 3.6 on the Sandyktas plateau (extreme conditions) to 6.5 animals per family in Merke. In Karakystak and Oirandi, an average number of animals per family were six, in Aspara - 4.6. The marmot is unevenly distributed in the gorges. The most populated are gorges Merke and Karakystak, where living conditions are the most optimal. Marmot populations density ranged from 3.6 animals per square km on the Sandyktas plateau to 210 in the gorge Merke. 119 animals per square km, on the average, were found to inhabit Karakystak, about 48 -Aspara and Oirandi. Compared to 1995-1997, a population of long-tailed marmot increased twofold (1370 and 650, respectively) due to increase in both the number of families and number of animals in each family. A slight growth of marmot population was observed in the gorge Oirandi: 170 animals in 2004 against 115 in 1997. 400 marmots were found in Aspara (a total number of animals was undercounted since a large part of sub-alpine and alpine zones with higher marmot's population, was missed) against 500 in 1995-1997. The reasons behind the growth of marmot population in some gorges are as follows: adequate volume of livestock grazing helped increase the fodder capacity for marmots: more than 40 flocks were grazed in the gorge Merke in 1995 and only eight sheep flocks and two herds of cows in 2004; sharp reduction of shepherd's dogs (a principle enemy of the marmot); and decreasing of poaching. Number of young animals in families reduced from 2.5 in 1995-1997 to 2.0 in 2004. Number of families without cubs has increased. It seems that natural mechanisms to regulate population number have come into play. So, an estimated number of long-tailed marmots in the gorges of the Kyrgyz ridge exceed 5,000 animals per area of 67.5 km2. It is possible to withdraw some 150-300 marmots annually for sanitary purpose in the gorges Merke and Karakystak.

Russian PDF russe
Spivakova L.V. & Kapitonov (Kapitonof) V.I. 1982a. [Variations saisonnières des glandes buccales des bobac adultes dans les montagnes d'Ermentau (Région de Tselinograd). Seasonal changes of buccal glans of adult bobacs in Ermentau Mountains (Tzelinograd oblast)]. Mater. III S'ezda Vsesojuz. Teriol. Obschestva, M., 2: 83-84.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, glandes, glands, saison, season.
Spivakova L.V., Kapitonov V.I. 1982b. [Variations saisonnières des gonades des bobac adultes de la région de Tselinograd. Seasonal changes of gonads of adult bobacs in Tzelinograd oblast]. Zhivotny mir Kazakhstana i problemy jego okhran, Alma-Ata, 1966-1969.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, glandes, glands, gonades, gonads, saison, season.
Spivakova L.V., Kuldybaev (Kouldiabaef) N.M., Grachev (Gratchef) Yu.A. & Kapitonov V.I. 2002. [Situation actuelle du nombre de marmotte rouge au Kazakhstan. Nowaday situation with number of red marmot in Kazakhstan]. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 55-56.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota caudata, dénombrement, census.
Spivakova L.V. & Plakhov (Plakhof) K.N. 1996. Marmota Menzbieri. In The red data book of Kazakhstan, v.1., p.1. Vertebrates. Third edition revised and updated. Almaty, 266-267.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota menzbieri, conservation.
Spivakova L.V., Shaad A.R., Pole S.B. & Kuldybaev N.M. 2002. Reproduction of grey marmot on game-shooting territory in Northern Tien-Shan. Reproduction de la marmotte grise dans un trritoire de chasse du Tien Chan septentrional. In Abstracts-résumés IVth Marmot World Conference, Ramousse R., Allainé D. & Le Berre M, Eds; International Marmot Network, Lyon, 124-125.
Anglais et français, English and French.
Marmota baibacina, grey marmot, marmotte grise, hunting, chasse, reproductive strategy, stratégie reproductive, Tien Shan, Tien Chan, Kazakhstan.
Spradling Theresa A., Hafner Mark S. & Demastes James W. 2000. Differences in rate of cytochrome-b evolution among species of rodents [Différences de taux d’évolution du cytochrome-b parmi de espèces de rongeurs]. Journal of Mammalogy, 65-80.
En anglais, in English.
Although molecular evolution often appears to proceed in a clocklike fashion, examples to the contrary are increasing in number. Our study compares rate of cytochrome-b evolution in 21 rodent species, each of which belongs to a different genus. In these comparisons, substitutions at synonymous sites appear to be saturated, precluding inferences about rate of synonymous substitution. Rate of nonsynonymous substitution differs significantly among many of the rodents studied. However, the cause or causes of these differences in substitution rate remains in question. Differences in generation time, body size, or metabolic rate do not seem to be associated with rate of nonsynonymous substitution in these rodents. Effective population size remains a viable explanation of the observed rate heterogeneity. However, we suggest that a search for simple causes of differences in rate of molecular evolution may be difficult in light of numerous aspects of an organism's biology that may together influence evolutionary rates over space and time.

Génétique, genetics, cytochrome-b, hétérogénéité du taux d’évolution, evolutionary rate heterogeneity, nonsynonymous substitution, relative-rate test.
Sproat G.M. 1868. Scenes and studies of savage life [Scènes et études de la vie sauvage]. Smith, Elder and Co., London, 317pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota vancouverensis, ethnobiologie, ethnobiology.
Sprygin I.I. 1925a. Istcheznovenie dvoukh stepnykh gryzounov sourka i sleptsa v Penzenskoï goubernii [Disparition de rongeurs des steppes, marmottes et rat-taupes (Spalax), dans le gouvernorat de Penzenski. Disappearance of rodents of steppes, marmots and Spalax, in the Penzensky government]. Tr. po izoutcheniiu zapovednikov, 6.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, disparition, extinction.
Sprygin I.I. 1925b. Iz oblasti Penzenskoï lesostepi. 1. Travyanye stepi Penzenskï goubernii, M [De la région de la forêt-steppe de Penzenski. 1. Végétation des steppes du gouvernorat de Penzensk. On the forest-steppe region of Penzenski. 1. Steppe vegetation of the Penzensky government ]. Tr. po izoutch. zapovednikov, Otd. okhrany prirody Glavnaouki Narkomprosa, 4.
En russe, in Russian.
Végétation, vegetation, steppe.
Spurrier W.A., Folk G.E.Jr & Dawe A.R. 1976. Induction of summer hibernation in the 13-lined ground squirrel shown by comparative serum transfusion from arctic mammals [Induction comparée de l'estivation chez le spermophile rayé par transfusion du sérum de divers mammifères terrestres]. Cryobiology, 13 (3) : 368-374.
En anglais, in English. Marmota, Spermophilus, physiologie, physiology, hibernation.
Une substance déclenchante est présente dans le sérum des animaux en hibernation (Spermophilus, Marmota, Alopex, Citellus) et dont la transfusion entraîne l'hibernation en été chez le Spermophilus. Une substance anti-déclenchante a été aussi mise en évidence. La libération de la substance déclenchante dans le sang au cours de l'hibernation dépend d'un mécanisme plus complexe que le simple abaissement de la température corporelle.

St. John James Augustus 1832. The Lives of Celebrated Travelers [Vie des voyageurs célèbres]. J. and J. Harper, New-York, Vol. III.
En anglais, in English.
Marmotte, marmot p. 72, 270, Volga, Saldanha Bay, Pallas, Le Vaillant, Russie, Russia.
Extract PDF extrait
Staalduinen M.A. Van & Werger M.J.A. 2007. Marmot disturbances in a Mongolian steppe vegetation [Dérangement des marmottes dans la végétation steppique mongolienne]• Journal of Arid Environments, 69 (2): 344-351.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota sibirica, Artemisia, Leymus, Stipa, végétation, vegetation, terrier, butrrow, azote, nitrogen.
We conducted a study in Mongolia on the Stipa steppe, which is the main habitat for the Siberian marmot (Marmota sibirica). The marmots create mounds that differ greatly in vegetation cover. Three types of mounds were distinguished, depending on the species dominating the vegetation on the mounds: an Artemisia type of mound, Leymus type and a Stipa type. It is hypothesized that the three types of mound represent a series of succession. The activities of the marmots lead to enhanced forage quality on the Artemisia and Leymus types of mound, as indicated by increased nitrogen concentrations in the on-mound vegetation.

Stains H.J. 1958. Field key to guard hairs of Middle western furbearers [Guide de terrain des poils des animaux à fourrure du Middle West]. J. Wildl. Manage., 22: 95-97.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammals, poils, hairs, clef de détermination, determination key, États-unis d'Amérique, USA.
Stadnikov (Stadnikof) A.A. & Shevliuk (Chevliouk) N.N. 1999. Morfofounktsional'naya kharakteristika neïrosekretornykh kletok (NSK) paraventrikoulyarnykh yadep gipotalamousa sourka (Pered zalegeniem v zimniuiu spyatchkou). In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 93-94.
En russe, in Russian.
Stadnikov A.A. & Shevlyuk N.N. 2002. [Système hypothalamus-hypophyse-gonade des bobac mâles avant l'hibernation. Hypothalamus- hypophysis- gonadal system of bobac males before beginning of hibernation]. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 57.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, endocrinologie, endocrinology, hibernation, mâles, males.
Stadnikov A.A, Shevlyuk N.N., Rudy V.N., Lopatinskaya L.A., Nikolaeva O.Ya. 1997. Factors and control mechanism in marmots' testicle functional activity (Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine aspects) [Facteurs et mécanismes de contrôle de l'activité fonctionnelle des testicules des marmottes (aspects endocrine, paracrine, autocrine)]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobrazniya (Holartic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsiya po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov (III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts], 94 (Russian), 196 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota, endocrinologie, endocrinology, reproduction, testicules, testicles.
Stallman Elizabeth 2001. Social and nutritional factors associated with female reproductive output in Yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) [Facteurs sociaux et nutritionnel associés aux résultats reproductifs de femelles chez les marmottes à ventre jaune]. Animal Behavior Society ABS 2001 Meeting, 68.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, reproduction, femelle, female.
I studied social behavior and female reproductive output (RO) among free-living yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris). First, I determined whether there is evidence for competition among females over either food or burrows and whether social factors affect female body condition. Females do apparently compete over food. Females also tend to initiate agonism near their own burrows, but no more likely than expected based on the amount of time they spend near their burrows. Crowded females have lower body condition (rate of increase in body mass index, BMI) than relatively isolated females. Next, I investigated whether social or nutritional factors predict female RO. As expected, females in better body condition, and those living in relative isolation, during 1 summer were more likely to wean offspring the next year. The mean estimated relatedness among neighboring females during 1 summer was not associated with the likelihood of weaning offspring the next year. For those females that did wean alitter, mean relatedness of nearby females was positively correlated with mass of kids born in the current season.

Stallman Elizabeth L. & Holmes Warren G. 2002. Selective foraging and food distribution of high-elevation yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) [Alimentation sélective et répartition de la nourriture des marmottes à ventre jaune d’altitude (Marmota flaviventris)]. Journal of Mammalogy, 83(2): 576-584.
En anglais, in English.
We examined diet composition, choice of foraging areas, and distribution of food (vegetation) of a high-elevation (3,800 m) population of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) in the White Mountains of California. Marmots overwhelmingly ingested forbs over graminoids (grasses, sedges, and rushes) and particularly ingested clover (Trifolium andersonii) despite its rarity. Although suitable marmot habitat is continuous at this site, marmot food plants were distributed in clumps. Areas in which marmots concentrated their foraging contained a disproportionate amount of clover compared with its abundance in the study site. Possible explanations for the choice of forbs over graminoids included the higher water content of forbs. Clumped food distribution has implications for foraging strategies and social behavior.
Régime alimentaire, diet, répartition de la nourriture, food distribution, affourragement, foraging, altitude, high-elevation, Marmota flaviventris, marmotte à ventre jaune, yellow-bellied marmot, eau, water.

Stal'makova V.A. & Kireyev V.I. 1986. Gryzouny paleoliticheskoy stoyanki Ogzi-Kichik v Tadzhikistane. Rongeurs des habitations paléolithiques d'Ogzi-Kichlik au Tadjikistan. Rodents from the Ogzi-Kichik Paleolithic habitation site in Tazhikistan.]. Tr. Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 156: 166-172.
En russe avec résumé en anglais, in Russian with English summ.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Asie, Tadjikistan, Tajikistan.
Stankowich T. & Blumstein D.T. 2005. Fear in animals: a meta-analysis and review of risk assessment [La peur chez les animaux : analyse générale et revue de l'évaluation des risques]. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B.
En anglais, in English.
Étologie, ethology, peur, fear.
On encountering a predator, many species emit potentially risky vocalizations known as alarm calls. We evaluated the relative importance of two adaptive hypotheses on the evolution of calling: (1) communicating to predators, which may function by deterring pursuit and hence increasing individual survival, and (2) an alternative nepotistic hypothesis for alarm calling whereby callers obtain direct and indirect fitness by warning relatives. Focusing on 209 species of rodents, we found significant associations between diurnality and alarm calling, living socially and alarm calling, and diurnality and sociality. Diurnality, however, accounted for nearly three times as much variation in whether or not a species alarm called than did sociality. Phylogenetic tests revealed that the evolution of diurnality preceded the evolution of alarm calling, and that the evolutions of diurnality and sociality were unrelated. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that alarm communication evolved to communicate to predators. If so, then nepotistic benefits, although important for the maintenance of alarm calling in some rodents, may be relatively less important in its evolution. Key words: alarm calling, evolution, rodent behavior.
Stannard L.M., Hantz O. & Trepo C. 1983. Antigenic cross-reactions between woodchuck hepatitis virus and human hepatitis B virus shown by immune electron microscopy. J. Gen. Virol., 64 (Pt 4): 975-980.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, immunologie, immunology.

Using immune electron microscopy (IEM), low-level cross-reactions could be demonstrated between the surface antigens of hepatitis B and woodchuck hepatitis. However, immune complex formation was greatly enhanced by pre-exposure of the antigens to 0.5% deoxycholate. Cross-reaction between the core antigens and e antigens of both viruses was also confirmed by IEM as well as radioimmunoassay. It appears that the woodchuck sera used in this study may well contain an anti-immunoglobulin akin to rheumatoid factor.

Starck D. von & H. Wehrli 1935. Die Kaumuskulatur von Marmota marmota L [La musculature masticatoire de Marmota marmota L]. Z. f. Saügertierkunde, 10 : 33-38.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, morphologie, morphology, muscle.
Starikov (Starikof) S.V., Zinchenko (Zintchenko) Yu.K., Prokopov (Prokopof) K.P. & Borisov (Borisof) A.I. 2002. [Données sur l'écologie de la marmotte grise Marmota biabacina sans le sud Altaï. Data on ecology of gray marmot Marmota baibacina Kastschenko, 1899 (Rodentia, Sciuridae) in South Altai]. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisoursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 58.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, écologie, ecology, Altaï, Altai.
Stark H.E. 1970. A revision of the flea genus Thrassis Jordan 1933 (Siphonaptera : Ceratophyllidae). With observations on ecology and relationship to plague [Révision du genre de puce Thrassis Jordan 1933 (Siphonaptera : Ceratophyllidae). Avec des observations sur l'écologie et la relation à la peste]. Univ. Cal. Publ. Ent., 53: 1-184.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, parasitologie, parasitology, Insectes, Insects, peste, plague.
Starkov (Starkof) O.A. & Davydov (Davidof) G.S. 1974. [Les rongeurs et Leporidae du Tadjikistan, hôtes des tiques Argas et ixodes. Rodents and Leporidae family of Tajikistan as hosts of Argas and Ixodes ticks]. Izvest. AN Tadzhik. SSR, Otd. biol., 2(55): 75-83.
En russe, in Russian).
Acariens, Rodentia, Leporidae, Tadjikistan, Tajikistan.
Stearns C.E. 1942. A fossil marmot from New Mexico and its climatic significance [Un fossile de marmotte du New Mexico et son importance climatique]. Am. J. Sci., 240: 867-878.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, New Mexico, États-Unis d'Amérique, USA.
Stecki K. 1922. O swistaku w Tatrach [Sur les marmottes des Tatras. On marmots in the tatra Mountains]. Ochr. Przyr., 3: 22-26.
En polonais, in Polish.
Marmota marmota, Tatra, Pologne, Poland.
Stehlík 1934. Die fossilen Säugetiere von bei Brno [Les mammifères fossiles des environs de Brno]. Acta Soc. Sci. Nat. Moravicae 9 no. 6 1-94, 6 figs., 6 pls.
En allemand, in German.
Arctomys, paléontologie, paleontology, mammifères, mammals, Moravie, Moravia.
Stehlik A. 1934a. Arctomys primigenius Kaup. Príroda (Brno), 27: 225-227, 1 fig.
En Tchèque, in Czech.
Arctomys primigenius, paléontologie, paleontology.
Stehlik Alois 1934b. Die fossilen Säugetiere von Stránská Skála bei Brno (Tschecoslovisch) [Les mammifères fossiles de Stránská Skála près de Brno (Tchécoslovaquie). Fossil mammals in Stránská Skála near Brno]. Acta Soc. Sc. Nat. Moavicae, 9(6) : 1-64.
En Tchèque et avec résumé en allemand, in Czech with German sum.
Mammifères, mammals, paléontologie, paleontology, Europe, Tchécoslovaquie, Czechoslovakia.
Stehlin Hans Georg 1930. Die Säugertierfauna von Leffe (Prov. Bergamo) [La faune des mammifères de Leffe (Prov. Bergame). Mammal fauna from Leffe (Bergamo Prov.)]. Ecl. Geol. Helveticae, 23 : 648-681.
En allemand, in German.
Mammifères, mammals, paléontologie, paleontology, Europe, Europa, Suisse, Switzerland, Bergamo.
Stehlin H.G. 1932.
In Chaline 1972.
Marmota primigenia, paléontologie, paleontology, Alsace.
Réfute l'espèce Marmota primigenia. Admet la possibilité de l'existence de marmotte au Riss à Achenheim et considère qu'elle est apparue indiscutablement au Riss-Würm (Wirkirchli, Drachenloch, Wildmannlisloch).
Stehlin H.G. 1933. Über die fossilen Asiniden Europas. Ecl. Geol. Helveticae, 26 : 229-232.
En allemand, in German.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Europe, Europa.
Stehlin H.G. 1936. Die Fauna der paläolithischen Schicht. 48-60, 8 figs. in E. Vogt, Denk. Schweiz. Naturf. Ges. 71, Abh. 3, i-vi + 43-70.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, Arctomys, paléontologie, paleontology.
Stehlin H.G. & Dubois A. 1933. La grotte de Cotencher, station moustérienne [The Cotencher Cave, Mousterian station] Mémoire Société Paléontologique de Suisse, LII-LII, 292p.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Suisse, Switzerland.
Stehlin H.G. & Schaub S. 1951. Die Trigonodontie der simplicidentaten Nager [Sur la dentition des rongeurs simplicidentés]. Schweiz. Pal. Abh., 67: 1-385, 620 figs.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, M. vetus, M. pruinosus (caligata), paléontologie, paleontology, dent, tooth.
Steinberg H. 1991. Experimental infection of woodchucks (Marmota monax) with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV): Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies [Infection expérimentale des marmottes communes d'Amérique (Marmota monax) avec le virus de l'hépagite des marmottes : études d'histopathologie et d'immunohistochimie]. PhD dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, pp 298, 1991.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique, woodchuck, hépatite, hepatitis.
Steiner A.L. 1974. Body-rubbing, marking and other scent-related behavior in some ground squirrels, a descriptive study [Frottement de corps, marquage et autres comportements liés à l'olfaction chez quelques écureuils terrestres, étude descriptive]. Can. J. Zool., 52: 889-906.
En anglais, in English.
Scuiridae, marquage, marking.
Steiner A.L. 1975. "Greeting" behavior in some sciuridae, from an ontogenetic, evolutionary and socio-behavioral perspective [Le comportement de "salutation" chez certains sciuridae, d'un point de vue ontogénétique, évolutionniste et éco-éthologique]. Naturaliste Can., 102 : 737-751.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota olympus, éthologie, ethology, évolution, evolution.
Les animaux dominants initient plus de comportements d'accueil que les subordonnés. The more dominant individuals appear to initiate greetings more often than subordinates individuals. Between members of different social groups, greetings are rare and when they do occur they are usually performed hesitantly and are likely to lead to agonistic behaviours. The frequency of nose to mouth greetings appears to be related to degree of sociality; greetings are much more common in social/gregarious species than in less social sciurids. The primary function of nos-to-mouth greetings could be the identification of individuals or social groups.

Stenehjem Erik L. & Beck Daniel D. 2001. A field study of body temperature variation in yellow-bellied marmots during hibernation [Étude de terrain de la vatiation de température corporelle chez les marmottes à ventre jaune durant l'hibernation]. Animal Behavior Society ABS 2001 Meeting, 101.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, thermorégulation, thermoregulation, hibernation.
Yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) cope with extreme variations of environmental conditions with behavioral and physiological adaptations. These adaptations include social hibernation, seasonal variations in activity, hypothermia, and selection of hibernacula. We investigated body temperatures of hibernating yellowbellied marmots in Central Washington and determined relationships between marmots and their thermal environment. Three individuals were trapped in July 1999. Each was fitted with a temperature-sensing radio collar and surgical implant. Marmots entered their burrows in August 1999 and emerged in March 2000. Hibernating marmots maintained body temperatures (12-20o C), well below seasonally active marmots, yet above environmental temperatures. We observed periodic bouts of arousal from torpor, where marmot Tb climbed from 12o C to 35o C in only three hours. Body temperatures during arousal averaged 34-36o C, which is slightly below active Tb. Body temperatures of hibernating marmots have been measured in the laboratory, but our study is the first to monitor hibernating Tb of yellow-bellied marmots in the field. Communal use of hibernacula and heterothermy in other sciurids have been shown to conserve energy during hibernation. Our results show that yellow-bellied marmots conserve energy by allowing Tb to drop 25o C below active temperatures for extended periods.

Stepanov (Stepanof) V.M., Sludsky (SloudskiI) A.A., Bezrukova (Bezroukova) L.S., Nekrasova L.E., Golovko E.N. & Asanaliev I.I. 1991. Zarajennosty sourkov vozbouditelyami nekotorykh infektsiï na territorii prirodnikh otchagov tchoumy [Infestation de la marmotte par les agents de certaines infections des foyers naturels de peste. The infestation of marmots by the causative agents of some infections in the area of natural plague foci]. In Biology, ecology, conservation and management of marmots, Seredneva T.A. ed., Proc. All-Union Conf., Jan. 28 - Feb. 1, Souzdal, Moscow, 145-147.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague.
Stepanova L.V., Bodiak N.D. & Surov (Sourof) A.V. 1996. [Caractéristiques morphofonctionnelles de la glande hardérienne chez quelques mammifères. The morphofunctional characteristics of the harderian gland in some mammalian species]. Izv. Akad. Nauk. Ser Biol., (1): 56-62.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, glande de Harder, Harder's gland.
The structure of harderian glands was studied using electron microscopy and histochemistry in six rodent species, including three Phodopus species. Based on the concept of cell morphotype it was shown that the harderian glands of the studied mammalian species are lipid-secreting and have secretory cells of the species specific morphotypes. The secretory cells are distinguished by the ultrastructural features not only between different genera, but also between different species of the same genus. The data obtained allow species identification according to the ultrastructure of secretory cells. The role of harderian glands in chemical communication was shown for the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Their secretory substance contains information about the sexual and species identity of animals.

Stephens D.W. & Krebs J.R. 1986. Foraging theory [Théorie de l'affouragement]. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
En anglais, in English.
Alimentation, foraging.
Stephens Frank 1906. California Mammals [Mammifères de Californie]. West Coast Pub. Co., 351 pages.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventer, Californie, California, EUA, USA.
Stephens Philips A., Frey-Roos Fredy, Arnold Walter & Sutherland William J. 2002. Sustainable exploitation of social species: a test and comparison of models [Utilisation durable d'espèces sociales : un test et une comparaison des modèles]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39 (4) : 629-642. En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine-marmot; modèle comportemental, behaviour-based-modelling; rendement constant de récolte, constant-yield-harvesting; extra prodruction, surplus-production; seuil de récolte, threshold-harvesting.
1. Overexploitation is a major threat to the persistence of many species. A wide variety of approaches to setting 'sustainable' quotas for exploitation exist but there are major discrepancies between theory and practice, and only limited integration between different branches of exploitation literature. Here, we bring together and compare the efficacy of a range of different approaches to estimating sustainability. 2. A simulated population of a social mammal was used to provide data for, and compare the recommendations of, 10 widely used estimators for setting levels of sustainable exploitation. Estimators tested included four methods for setting sustainable levels of constant-effort harvesting, two approaches to assessing the sustainability of constant-yield harvesting, and four systems for setting thresholds below which harvesting should cease. 3. The method used to fit catch per unit effort data to a stock dynamic model had an important influence on the variance of recommendations. Recommendations were also affected by the length of data set available and the frequency of changes in exploitation effort. Observation-error estimators were more consistent and more conservative than equilibrium, effort-averaging and process-error approaches. Harvesting at the point of maximum productivity was found to be unstable in a noisy system, suggesting the need for considerable caution when using any of these estimators. 4. Constant-yield indices, developed for use in the bush meat trade, overestimated the point at which exploitation was likely to become highly unsustainable. Sociality was an important factor underlying this finding and the assessment of sustainability in constant-yield systems should give consideration to the effects of different social systems. 5. Overall, threshold-harvesting systems provided the highest mean yields in relation to extinction risk. However, the introduction of error into these systems, particularly in the form of less frequent censuses, greatly increased both variance in yields and risk of extinction.

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Stephens P.A., Frey-Roos F., Arnold W. & Sutherland W.J. 2002. Model complexity and population predictions. The alpine marmot as a case study [Modèle de complexité et prédictions populationnelle. Cas de la marmotte alpine]. Journal of Animal Ecology, 71: 343.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota marmota, marmotte alpine, alpine marmot, modèle, model.
1. During the past 15 years, models have been used increasingly in predictive population ecology. Matrix models used for predicting the fates of populations are often extremely basic, ignoring density dependence, spatial scale and behaviour, and often based on one sex only. We tested the importance of some of these omissions for model realism, by comparing the performance of a variety of population models of varying levels of complexity.
2. Detailed data from more than 13 years of behavioural and demographic research on a population of alpine marmots Marmota marmota in Berchtesgaden National Park, southern Germany, were used to parameterize four different population models. The models ranged from a simple population-based matrix model, to a spatially explicit behaviour-based model.
3. The performance of the models was judged by their ability to predict basic population dynamics under equilibrium conditions. Only a spatially explicit individual-based model ignoring optimal behaviour predicted dynamics significantly different to those observed in the field, highlighting the importance of considering realistic patterns of behaviour in spatially explicit models.
4. Using realistic levels of environmental and demographic stochasticity, variance in population growth rates predicted by all models was high, even within the range of population densities experienced in the field. This emphasizes the difficulty of using population-level field data to determine overall patterns of density dependence for use in population models.
5. All models were also used to predict potential density-dependent effects on alpine marmot population growth. In this regard, the models differed greatly. It was concluded that the simplest matrix model was adequate for making predictions regarding population sizes or densities under equilibrium conditions, but that for predictions requiring an understanding of transient dynamics only the behavioural model would be adequate.
6. An emergent feature of this study of alpine marmot population dynamics was the prediction of a demographic Allee effect with a profound influence on population dynamics across a very broad range of population sizes. Three mechanisms were identified as underlying this Allee effect: stochastic skews in sex ratio and demographic composition at low population sizes; less efficient social thermoregulation during hibernation in small groups; and difficulties with mate finding during dispersal, even at relatively high population sizes.

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Steppan S.J., Arkhverdyan M.R., Lyapunova E.A., Fraser D.G., Vorontsov N.N., Hoffmann R.S. & Braun M.J. 1999. Molecular Phylogeny of the Marmots (Rodentia: Sciuridae): Tests of Evolutionary and Biogeographic Hypotheses [Phylogénie moléculaire des marmottes. Tests d'hypothèses évolutives et biogéographiques].Syst. Biol., 48(4): 715-734.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, Béringie, Beringia, cytochrome b, Holarctique, Holarctic, Hypothèse, hypothesis testing, phylogégèse, phylogeny.
There are 14 species of marmots distributed across the Holarctic, and despite extensive systematic study,their phylogenetic relationships remain largely unresolved.In particular, comprehensive studies have been lacking. A well-supported phylogeny is needed to place the numerous ecological and behavioral studies on marmots in an evolutionary context. To address this situation, we obtained complete cytochrome (cyt) b sequences for 13 of the species and a partial sequence for the 14th. We applied a statistical approach to both phylogeny estimation and hypothesis testing, using parsimony and maximum likelihood-based methods. We conducted statistical tests on a suite of previously proposed hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic histories. The cyt b data strongly support the monophyly of Marmota and a western montane clade in the Nearctic. Although some other scenarios cannot be rejected, the results are consistent with an initial diversification in North America, followed by an invasion and subsequent rapid diversification in the Palearctic. These analyses reject the two major competing hypotheses of M. broweri's phylogenetic relationships-namely, that it is the sister species to M. camtschatica of eastern Siberia, and that it is related closely to M. caligata of the Nearctic. The Alaskan distribution of M. broweri is best explained as a reinvasion from the Palearctic, but a Nearctic origin can not be rejected. Several other conventionally recognized species groups can also be rejected. Social evolution has been homoplastic, with large colonial systems evolving in two groups convergently. The cyt b data do not provide unambiguous resolution of several basal nodes in the Palearctic radiation,leaving some aspects of pelage and karyotypic evolution equivocal.

Available pdf disponible
Stern R.O. 1983. Cultural resources investigations in the vicinity of Carlo Creek, Nevada River Valley. Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys.
En anglais, in English.
Available pdf disponible
Marmota, Holocène, paléontologie, Denali National Park, Alaska.
Stetson G. Emmet 1868. New gazetteer and business directory, for Livingston county, N.Y., for 1868 [Nouveau répertoire géographique et d’adresses professionnelles, du comté de Livinston]. Adams R.L. & son, printers, Geneva, N.Y., 248 p.
En anglais, in English.
Histoire, history, marmotte, marmot p. 86, Putnam County (N.Y.), États-Unis d’Amérique, United States of America.
Extrait pdf extract

Stevens Hazard 1876. The Ascent of Takhoma [Ascension du Tacoma]. In The Atlantic monthly, Boston, 38(229) : 1-770, pp. 513-531.
En anglais, in English.
Marmotte, marmot, alimentation, food p. 527, Mont Rainier, Rainier mount, Takhoma, Tacoma 4391 m., Washington, États-Unis d’Amérique, United States of America.
Extrait pdf extract

Stewart Charles 1802. Elements of Natural History [Éléments d’histoire naturelle]. Cadell T. Jun. & Davies W., London, William Creech, Edinburgh, 409p.
En anglais, in English.
Arctomys Marmota, marmotte alpine, common marmot.
Extrait pdf extract

Stewart Richard L. Jr. 1993. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in woodchucks, Marmota monax, from Pennsylvania [Séroprévalence de Toxoplasma gondii chez les marmottes communes d’Amérique, Marmota monax, de Pennsylvanie]. M.S. Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA.
En anglais, in English.
Toxoplasma gondii, Marmota monax, marmotte commune d’Amérique, woodchuck, Pennsylvanie, Pennsylavnia, UEA, USA.
Stewart J.M., English T.E. & Storey K.B. 1998. Comparison of the effects of temperature on the liver fatty acid binding proteins from hibernator and nonhibernator mammals [Comparaison des effets de la température sur les protéines de liaison des acides gras du foie chez les mammifères hibernants et nonhibernants] . Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Biochimie et Biologie cellulaire, 76(4): 593-599.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammals, foie, live, acides gras, fatty acids, hibernation, température, temperature.
Stewart J. D. & J. E. Martin 1993. A Snowshoe Hare, Lepus americanus, from the Lange/Ferguson Clovis Kill Site, Shannon County, South Dakota [Un lièvre d'Amérique du Nord Lepus americanus, dans le site Lange/Ferguson Clovis Kill]. Current Research in the Pleistocene, 10: 110-11.
En anglais, in English.
Lepus americanus, lièvre d'Amérique du Nord, paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Pleistocene, Clovis.
Stewart R.L., Humphreys J.G. & Dubey I.P. 1995. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in woodchucks from Pennsylvania [Anticorps de Toxoplasma gondii chez les marmottes communes d’Amérique, Marmota monax, de Pennsylvanie]. The journal of parasitology, 81(1): 126-127.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, parasitologie, parasitology, Pennsylvanie, États-Unis d'Amérique, United States of America.
Serum samples from 545 woodchucks Marmota monax from 22 counties in Pennsylvania were examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the modified direct agglutination test. Fifty-one woodchucks (9.4%) had antibodies to T. gondii, with 10% at dilutions of 1:25, 2% at dilutions of 1:50, and 4% at dilutions of 1:500. This is the first report of T. gondii antibodies in woodchucks.
Stirton R.A. 1940. Proceedings of the Sixth Pacific Science Congress, 2.
En anglais, in English.
Paléontologie, paleontology, Miocène, Miocene, Marmota minor, Thousand Creek, Névada, Nevada, États-Unis d'Amérique.
Stock Chester 1918. The Pleistocene fauna of Hawver Cave [Faune du Pléistocène de la grotte d'Hawver]. Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Calif., 10 : 461-515, 32 text-figs.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota, flaviventer, paléontologie, paleontology, Pléistocène, Amérique du Nord.
Stogov (Stogof) I.I. 1951. [Description éco-faunistique des mammifères de l'amont de la rivière Tekes. Ecologo-faunistic description of mammals in upper reaches of Tekes river]. Tr. Sred. Az. protivotchoum. in-ta. Alma-Ata, 1: 45-59.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Mammals, faunistique, fauna.
Stogov I.I. 1956. Materialy po pitaniyu serogo sourka [Matériaux sur l'alimentation de la marmotte grise. Material on feeding in the grey marmot]. Zool. J.., 35 (9) : 1390-1394.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota baibacina, alimentation, foraging.
Stogov I.I. 1959. K voprosou o mekhanizme vesennego proboujdeniya zimoslyachtchikh gryzounov [Sur les mécanismes du réveil printanier chez des rongeurs hibernants. On the mechanisms of the spring avakening in hibernating rodents]. Naoutchnaya konferentsiya protivotchoumnykh outchrejdeniï Kazakhstana i Sredneï Azii. Tezisy dokladov), Alma-Ata.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, hibernation.
Stollovskikh O.A. 1999. K voprosou ob izoutchenii petcheni stepnogo sourka v Orenbourgskoï oblasti. In Sourki palearktiki : biologiya i oupravlenie popoulyatsiyami [Marmottes paléarctiques : Biologie et gestion des populations, Palearctic marmots: biology and population management], O.V. Brandler & Rumiantsev ed., Dialog-MGOu, Moscow : 95-96.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac.
Stone A.J. 1905. The Andrew J. Stone explorations in arctic and subarctic America [Les explorations de Andrew J. Stone en Amérique arctique et subarctique]. The American Museum of Natural History, 38 pp.
En anglais, in English.
Marmotte givrée, hoary marmot, Marmota caligata.
Stoner 1922. Another tree-climbing woodchuck [Une autre marmotte des bois grimpeuse d'arbre]. J. Mammal., 3(4): 260.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax monax, États-Unis d'Amérique, Iowa.
Stoppani A. 1858-81. Paléontologie Lombarde ou description des fossiles de Lombardie publiée à l'aide de plusieurs savants [Lombardy paleontology or description of Lombardy fossils, published with the help of several scientists]. Milan, Joseph Bernardoni.
En français, in French.
Paléontologie, paleontology, marmotte, marmot, Lombardie, Italie.
. Storey K. & J. Storey 1991. Gelés, mais vivants [Frozen, but alive]. Pour la science, 160 : 40-45.
En français, in French.
Physiologie, physiology, hibernation.
Storr 1780. Podromus methodi mammalium.... Lagomys ; Taxonomie
Storr D. 1972. Estimating effective net radiation for a mountainous watershed [Estimation de la radiation nett effective d'un ligne de partage des eaux]. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 3(1) : 3-14.
En anglais, in English.
Radiation solaire, solar radiation, Alberta, Canada.
The annual curves for net and global solar radiation under clear skies at one point in the Marmot Creek Experimental Watershed in Alberta, Canada, show variations from 55 to 650 ly day/sup -1/ for net radiation, and from 100 to 760 ly day/sup -1/ for global radiation. A factor to convert measured net radiation at the point to a basin average of effective net radiation is obtained by comparing these curves with that for effective clear sky global radiation for the basis, and by considering the ratio of net to global radiation over the various types of vegetation in the basin. This conversion factor varies throughout the year with the elevation of the Sun and the basin albedo, ranging from a maximum of 1.27 in December to a minimum of 0.93 in April, and averaging 1.06 for the year.

Strandtmann R.W. & Wharton G.W. 1958. Manual of Mesostigmatid mites parasitic on Vertebrates [Manuel des acariens Mesostigmatid parasites des vertébrés]. Contribution No 4 Inst. Acarology Depart. Zool. Univ. Maryland.
En anglais, in English.
Acariens, Acarida, parasitologie, parasitology.
Starkov (Starkof) O.A. & Davydov (Davidof) G.S. 1972. [Les tiques Argas et Ixodes des rongeurs et des Leporidae du Tadjikistan. Argas and Ixodes ticks of rodents and Leporidae family in Tajikistan]. Izvest. AN Tadjik. SSR, Otdel. biol. 3(48): 71-78.
En russe, in Russian.
Acariens, Rodentia, Leporidae, Tadjikistan Tajikistan.
Starkov O.A., Davydov G.S. 1974. [Les rongeurs et Leporidae du Tadjikistan, hôtes des tiques Argas et ixodes. Rodents and Leporidae family of Tajikistan as hosts of Argas and Ixodes ticks]. Izvest. AN Tadzhik. SSR, Otd. biol., 2(55): 75-83.
En russe, in Russian.
Acariens, Rodentia, Leporidae, Tadjikistan Tajikistan.
Strasser S. & Würker W. 1998. Schlafen wie ein Murmeltier. In Schnee & Eis. Entdeckungsreisen im Reich der Kälte, Strasser S. & Würker W. eds., München, Heyne.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota marmota, hibernation, revue, review.
Strauman E.I. 1956. Vliyanie zasoukhi na raspredelnie i biologiyu nekotorykh bidov gryzounov v Severnom Kazakhstane. Tr. dy In-ta zool. AN KazSSR, 6.
En russe, in Russian. Rodentia, Kazakhstan.
Streubel D. 1989. Small mammals of the Yellowstone ecosystem [Les petits mammifères de l'écosystèm de Yellowstone]. Roberts Rineheart Inc. Pub. 152pp.
Stroganov (Stroganof) S.U. 1956a. Materials on the systematics of Siberian mammals [Données sur la systématique des mammifères sibériens]. Proc.of Biological Institute, West-Siberian Filial of USSR Acad. Sci., 1 : 3-10.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, mammals, Rodentia, systématique, systematics..
Stroganov S.U. 1956b. [Matériaux de connaissance de la thériofaune de l'Union Soviétique. Materials on the knowledge of theriofauna of the Soviet Union. Proc.of Biological Institute, West-Siberian Filial of USSR Acad. Sci., 1 : 15-21.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères, Mammals, URSS. USSR.
Stroganov S.Ou. & Potapkine A.F. 1950. K kharakteristike faouni grizounov Tomskoï oblasti [Sur les caractéristiques de la faune de rongeurs de Tomsk. Characteristics of the rodent fauna in Tomsk]. Outchen. zapiski Tomsk., gos. ouniv., 14. En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, Tomsk.
Stroganov S.Ou. & Yudin B.S. 1956. K sistematike neketorykh vidov gryzounov Zapadnoï Sibiri [Sur la systématique de quelques rongeurs de Sibérie occidentale. To the systematics of some rodents of Western Siberia]. Tr. Tomsk. oun-ta, Ser. biol., 142.
En russe, in Russian.
Rodentia, taxonomie, taxonomy, Sibérie, Siberia.
Stuart S.A., McFeters G.A., Schillinger J.E. & Stuart D.G. 1976. Aquatic indicator bacteria in the high alpine zone [Bactéries indicateurs biologiques des zones alpines supérieures]. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 31(2): 163-167.
En anglais, in English.
Bactérie, bacteria, paramètre biologique, biological parameter, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming.
Selected waters from the high alpine zone within Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, were analyzed for populations of indicator bacteria during the past three summers to determine the influence of various factors on the quality of these waters. In general the water quality was not significantly influenced by the presence or absence of human visitors but rather by the nature of the biological community through which the streams flowed. A minority of the coliforms that were recovered from all of the sites proved to be fecal coliforms. The fecal streptococci isolated were identified as the species that were found primarily in the fecal material of the native rodent and moose populations. It is concluded that management questions that relate to the carrying capacity of alpine areas should be approached with the aid of other biological parameters along with levels of indicator bacteria in the streams.

Studer Theophil T. 1888a. Über die Arctomys-Reste aus dem Diluvium der Umgebung von Bern [Sur les restes d'Arctomys du diluvium dans l'environnement de Berne. On the Arctomys remains from diluvium in the Bern environment]. Mitteil. d. naturf. Gesellsch. in Bern 1888, 71-80.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Europe, Suisse, Switzerland, Berne, STUDER Theophil 1845-1922, Dr. med. et phil., Prof. der Zoologie, allg. Naturgeschichte und vergl. Anatomie a. d. Universität Bern.
Studer T. 1888b. Arctomysreste aus den Diluvium der Umgegend von Bern. [Reste d'Arctomys du diluvium au voisinage de Berne]. Mitt. der Naturf. Ges. von Bern 1888, 71-80.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Europe, Suisse, Swizerland, Berne
Studer T. 1914. Neue Murmeltierfunde aus dem Diluvium [Nouvelles découvertes de marmotte du Diluvium. New discoveries of marmot from Dilivium]. Mitt. Naturfirsch. Ges. Bern, 1913: 92-100.
En allemand, in German.
Marmota, paléontologie, paleontology.
Studiati C. 1857. Description des fossiles de la brèche osseuse de Moreale de Bonaria près de Cagliari [Fossil description of the bone breccia in Moreale of Bonaria near Cagliari]. In De La Marmora, A. - Voyage en Sardaigne, 3ème partie.
En français, in French.
Arctomys primigenia, Marmota marmota, paléontologie, paleontology, Italie, Italy, Sardaigne, Sardinia.
Brèche qui semble remonter à une phase ancienne du Pléistocène. Il signale une mandibule de gros rongeur qu'il attribue à la marmotte. Remis en cause par Dubois et Stehlin. Les nombreuses fouilles en Sardaigne et en Corse réalisées par la suite n'ont jamais donné de restes de marmottes.

Extrait pdf extract
Su Jianping & Liu Jike 2000. Overwinter of small herbivorous mammals inhabiting alpine area [Hibernation des petits mammifères herbivores occuppant l'aire alpine]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 20(3): 186-192.
Marmota himalayana, Microtus oeconomus, Myospalax baileyi, Ochotona cansus, Ochotona curzoniae, herbivore, overwintering.
Discussed the wintering strategies of small herbivorous mammals inhabiting alpine area based on the data collected by the authors during 1985 - 1998, in the region of the Research Station of Alpine Meadow Ecosystem, Acedemia Sinica. Observations were concentrated on the five most common species: Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana), plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae), Gansu pika (O. cansus), root vole (Microtus oeconomus), and plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi). Three main strategies to overwinter adopted by the species were found. Himalayan marmot was the only hibernator. So it needed not to storage food for winter and had a winter sleep from late September to the next middle April. Plateau zokor was the only subterranean rodent in non-hibernators. It usually started to store food individually for winter at the middle of September when juveniles was able to leave their mother to live separately. This activity ended in late October or early November when soils were frozen and food collection by burrowing was impossible. Root voles began to establish their food storage in late September. They stored their winter foods in underground storerooms dug before, so they could avoid the extreme cold exposure while using the foods. Gansu pikas exhibited haying behavior in late September. They harvested plants and cached them above ground at places with distance less than 1 meter from their burrow openings. Both root vole and gansu pika worked in herd when storing winter food. Plateau pika was found never to store food for winter. Why did small herbivorous mammals in the alpine area adopt different wintering strategies? There are four reasons. First, high risk of predation might prevent small mammals from hibernating. Second, because fat deposits correlate to survival during hibernation and during post-hibernation activity that occurs before new food become available in the environment, too small species could not adopt hibernation with the limitation of fat deposits in body. These two factors could explain why Himalayan marmot was the only hibernator. Third, lifestyle and physical conditions in environment could determine animals how to overwinter. For instance, plateau zokor is a non-hibernating subterranean rodent, it lives on the underground parts of plants. If it dose not store enough food for winter, it will die from starvation because foraging by burrowing in frozen soils is impossible. Fourth, animal's tolerance to cold, correlated to body size, determines it's cold exposure limitations and thus it's way to overwinter. This can be used to explain the differences of wintering strategies adopted by plateau pika, Gansu pika and root vole. It can be concluded that wintering strategies of animals shaped in the long process of evolution and should be optimalized by nature selection. One can understand the profound evolution of animals by comparing their different ways to overwinter.

Su Q., Zerban H., Otto G. & Bannasch P. 1998. Cytokeratin expression is reduced in glycogenotic clear hepatocytes but increased in ground-glass cells in chronic human and woodchuck hepadnaviral infection. Hepatology, 28(2): 347-359.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis.

Hepatocytes of normal adult liver express cytokeratins (CKs) 8/18, but bile duct cells additionally contain CK7/19. We have previously demonstrated the frequent occurrence of foci of altered hepatocytes in association with hepatic tumors in humans and provided evidence for a preneoplastic nature of the focal lesions. In this study, we investigated the CK expression in both the preneoplastic lesions and extrafocal parenchyma. Sixty-seven explanted livers with cirrhosis or advanced fibrosis harboring preneoplastic focal lesions, with or without hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, as well as 9 livers with HBV-associated fulminant hepatitis, were studied for the expression of CK7/8/14/18/19. Five livers from woodchucks infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) were also investigated. Glycogenotic clear hepatocytes were negative or weakly positive for CK8/18, while amphophilic hepatocytes were strongly positive for these CKs, the changes being associated with marked reduction and increase, respectively, of highly organized membranous components in their cytoplasm. This allows the distinct recognition of the clear-cell and clear-cell-dominant preneoplastic lesions in the human and woodchuck livers. In ground-glass hepatocytes expressing viral antigens, an unusual accumulation of CK8/18 was observed, but there was no evidence of preferential necrosis of ground-glass hepatocytes. Many CK7- and CK19-positive ductular (oval) cells were found in extrafocal liver tissue, but only rarely were they present within focal lesions.

Suk (Souk) Ev V.V. & Pavlov (Pavlof) E.I. 1923. Tchouma na tarbaganakh v Zabaïkalie [La peste des marmottes tarbagans de Transbaïkalie. Plague of tarbagan marmots in Cis-Baikal]. Tr. Daline-vostotchnogo in-ta eksperim. Veterinarii.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Transbaïkalie.
Sukhanova (Soukhanova) M.V. 1993. Vyrajenie al'trouizma stepnym sourkom. Posredstvom preduprejlayutsego ob opasnosti signala [Expression de l'altruisme chez la bobak grâce au cri d'alarme. Expression of altruism in steppe marmot by mean of alarm call]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 36 et 52.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, éthologie, ethology, communication, altruisme, altrium.
The observations were carried out on steppe marmot (M. bobac), ground squirrel (Citellus pygmaeus) and pika (Ochotona daurica) in the field. These animals utter alarm call when they detect potential danger, in our case- appoaching of the observer. We found out that alarm call is elicited not only by direct danger to the specimen but by danger to the neighbours also. It is often observed that the marmot emits alarm call when observer approach to another animal at the distance 5-20 m. The most expressive and loud notes were elicited by marmots neighbouring those which were going into a burrow in case of danger. We classified this behavior of marmots as an expression of altruism by mean of sound signal. Probably not only the production of sound is informative but also the variability of its acoustic characteristics. In this case the basic type of situation changes is the same as in case of alarm call at direct danger. The expressiveness of signals is increased by means of increasing frequency of situational changes. In some cases changes characteristic of frequency modulation. This phenomenon may increase expressiveness of notes too. It will be interesting to reveal whether genetic relations between animals affect this expression of altruism or not.

Sukhanova M.V. 1994. Variabilité de la structure spectrale du cri d'alarme de quelques espèces de marmottes en fonction du contexte. Situation variability of alarm call spectral structure of some marmot species. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 142-145.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota bobac, éthologie, ethology, alarme, alarm, son, sound.
More in detail we investigated situation variability of steppe marmot's (Marmota bobac) alarm call. Alarm call of this species consists of single notes. We decided, that situation variability in case of increasing danger is expressed by change of notes parameters from the beginning of a vocal sequence to it's end. Five parts of alarm call can be distinguished by expression of their production when observer approaches to marmot. They are the following: 1) initial notes; 2) notes at the middle of sequence; 3) last notes before going into a burrow; 4) notes at the moment of going into a burrow; 5) notes from a burrow. Nine parameters of the notes from different parts of sequence were compared. The pause between high- and low-frequency components; the beginning of fundamental frequency and characteristic of frequency modulation of high-frequency component appeared to be the most stable in different situations while maximum, terminal and dominant frequencies of fundamental of high-frequency component and duration of high- and low-frequency components are the most variable. When danger increases the alarm call changes in the following way: maximum, terminal and dominant frequencies of high-frequency component decrease as well as it's duration; dominant frequency of low-frequency component decreases, decreases it's duration in the parts of 1; 2; 3 and increases in the parts of 4; 5. Notes in the distinguished parts of alarm call significantly differed from each other.

Sukhanova M.V. & A.A. Nikol'sky 1993. Lokal'naya spetsifika sitouativnykh izmenenii spektral'noï strouktoury predouprejdayutsego ob opasnosti signala stepnogo sourka [Spécificités locales des changements situatifs de la structure spectrale du cri d'alarme chez la bobak. Local specificity of situation variability of alarm call structure of steppe marmot]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 37 et 53.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, éthologie, ethology, communication, son, sound, Russie, Russia, Oulianosk, Ulianosk, Tselinograd.
Situation variability of alarm call spectral structure of steppe marmot from 3 local populations have been considered. Animals from population 1 inhabit steppe near Schilovka village (Ulijanovsk region), 2-near Surulovka village (Ulianovsk region), 3-near Naumovka village (Tselinograd region). Local specificity has been discovered in general situational variability of the spectral structure of alarm call. Terminal notes of the situation variances of alarm call (notes when animal is into a burrow) maintain only fundamental frequency in low frequency component in the population 1 and 2 then 3. Moreover, this simplification of spectral structure is discontinued in the populations 1 and 2. Rapid sequences of animal going into a burrow in the population 3 differ from the same in populations 1 and 2 by prevalence of low- frequency component. In the 3d population only first 2-3 units of rapid sequence have the high-frequency components with number of units exceeding 3-4.

Sukhov (Soukhof) V.V. & Rymalov (Rymalof) I.V. 1997. Dynamics of winter hibernation of single lived steppe marmots [Dynamique d'hibernation de marmottes des steppes isolées]. In Sourki golarktiki kak faktor bioraznoobrazniya (Holartic marmots as a factor of biodiversity], III Mejdounarodnaya Konferentsiya po sourkam, Tezisy dokladov (III International Conference on Marmots, Abstracts], 95 (Russian), 196 (English).
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Hibernation, social.
Suknev (Souknef) V.V. 1924. Organizatsiya i rezoul'taty obsledovaniya Zabaïkal'skogo endemitcheskogo otchaga tchoumy v 1923 [Résultats et organisation de la recherche sur le foyer de peste endémique de Transbaïkalie en 1923. Results and organisation of the research in the endemic plague focus in Cis-Baikal in 1923]. Tchita.
En russe, in Russian.
Épidémiologie, epidemiology, peste, plague, Transbaïkal.
Suknev V.V. & Pavlov E.I. 1923. Tchouma na tarbaganakh v Zabaïkal'e [La peste des marmottes tarbagans au Transbaïkal. Plague of tarbagan marmots in Cis-Baikal]. Tr. Dal'nevostotchnogo in-ta eksperim. veterinarii, 1.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, peste, plague, Transbaïkalie.
Sulimov (Soulimof) A.D. & Obukhov (Oboukhof) P.A. 1975. [Les helminthes de Marmota sibirica dans le Touva. Helminths of Marmota sibirica in Tuva]. Materialy Naouchnykh Konferentsii Vsesoyuznogo Obshchestva Gel'mintologov, 27: 146-151.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, parasitologie, parasitology, Némathelmenthes, Nemathelminths, Plathelminthes, Plathelminths, Russie, Russia, Touva, Tuva.
Sulimskil (Soulimskil) A. 1964. Pliocene Lagomorpha and Rodentia from Weize 1. (Poland) [Les Lagomorphes et les rongeurs du Pliocène de Weize (Pologne)]. Acta Palaeont. Polonica, 9(2): 149-240.
Rodentia, Lagomorphes, Lagomorphs, Pologne.
Sulkava S., Huhtala K., Rajala P.& Tornberg R. 1999. Changes in the diet of the Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos and small game populations in Finland in 1957-96 [Changements du régime alimentaire de l'aigle royal Aquila chrysaetos et petites populations de gibier en Finlande en 1957-1996]. Ornis Fennica, 76(1): 1-16.
Aquila chrysaetos, alimentation, diet, rapaces, raptor.
Prey remains and pellets were collected in 1957-97 from the nest sites of the Golden Eagle in the Finnish reindeer husbandry area and in the area south of it. In addition to main prey, mountain hares and grouse, the Golden Eagle often catches also larger prey (Cranes, reindeer calves, adult red foxes), but also much smaller species (red squirrel, stoat, water vole, thrushes). Many waterfowl are included in the diet too, but only very few gulls. Diet percentages of grouse and cranes (51% and 2%) are larger south of the reindeer area, where that of reindeer calves is about eight percent. The annual changes in the densities of mountain hares and grouse have caused corresponding changes in the percentages in the diet of the Golden Eagle. There are exceptions in these correlations between main prey and their percentages that are explained by the changes in the density of the other main prey. Waterfowl, corvids and red foxes are alternative prey in Finland. In other parts of Europe the main prey may include also hedgehogs, marmots and reptiles.

Sultanov (Soultanof) G.S. 1982. [Animaux rares et en disparation de l'Ouzbekistan. Rare and vanishing animals in Uzbekistan]. Tashkent, 6.
En Ouzbek, in Uzbek.
Ouzbekistan, Uzbekistan, protection, preservation.
Sultanov G.S.1984. [Le Livre Rouge d'Ouzbekistan et problèmes de protection animale. The Red Data Book of Uzbekistan and problems of animal protection]. Hunting and environmental protection of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Ouzbekistan Publishers, 36.
Ouzbekistan, Uzbekistan, protection, preservation.
Summers J. 1981. Three recently described animal virus models for human hepatitis B virus [Trois virus animaux récemment décrit, modèles du virus de l'hépatite humaine B]. Hepatology, 1(2): 179-183.
En anglais, in English.
Virus, hépatite, hepatitis, modèle, model.
Summers J. 1988. The replication cycle of hepatitis B viruses [Cycle de réplication des virus de l'hépatite B]. Cancer, 61(10): 1957-1962.
En anglais, in English.
Virus, hépatite, hepatitis.
Summers J., Jilbert A.R., Yang W., Aldrich C.E., Saputelli J., Litwin S., Toll E. & Mason W.S. 2003. Hepatocyte turnover during resolution of a transient hepadnaviral infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100(20): 11652-11659.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatocyte, hepatocyte.
We estimated the amount of hepatocyte turnover in the livers of three woodchucks undergoing clearance of a transient woodchuck hepatitis infection by determining the fate of integrated viral DNA as a genetic marker of the infected cell population. Integrated viral DNA was found to persist in liver tissue from recovered animals at essentially undiminished levels of 1 viral genome per 1,000-3,000 liver cells, suggesting that the hepatocytes in the recovered liver were derived primarily from the infected cell population. We determined the single and multicopy distribution of distinct viral cell junctions isolated from small pieces of liver after clearance of the infection to determine the cumulative amount of hepatocyte proliferation that had occurred during recovery. We estimated that proliferation was equivalent to a minimum of 0.7-1 complete random turnovers of the hepatocyte population of the liver. Our results indicated that during resolution of the transient infections a large fraction of the infected hepatocyte population was killed and replaced by hepatocyte cell division.

Summers J. & Mason W.S. 2004. Residual integrated viral DNA after hepadnavirus clearance by nucleoside analog therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 101(2): 638-640.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, hépatite, hepatitis, ADN, DNA.
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We determined the frequency of integrated viral DNA in the livers of three woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus before and during 30 weeks of therapy with the nucleoside analog L-FMAU [1-(2-fluoro-5-methyl-beta, L-arabinofuranosyl)uracil, clevudine]. We found that although viral covalently closed circular DNA declined 20- to 100-fold, integrated viral DNA showed no discernable decrease over the course of treatment. Thus, chemotherapeutic clearance of covalently closed circular DNA did not involve the replacement of the infected hepatocyte population with uninfected progenitors, but rather, uninfected hepatocytes in the treated liver were derived from the infected hepatocyte population. The frequency of integrated DNA in chronically infected woodchucks was found to be 1 or 2 orders of magnitude higher than that in transiently infected woodchucks, implying that integration and other genomic damage accumulate over the duration of infection. Our results indicate that genetic changes from this damage remain in the liver even while virus infection is cleared and argue for early antiviral intervention in chronic hepatitis.

Summers J., Smolec J.M. & Snyder R.L. 1978. A virus similar to human hepatitis B virus associated with hepatitis and hepatoma in woodchuck [Un virus similaire au virus de l'hépatite B humaine associé à l'hépatite et l'hépatome chez la marmotte des bois]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75 : 4533-4537.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, modèle, model, parasitologie, parasitology, virus.

Particles with properties similar to those associated with human hepatitis B were found in serum from woodchucks with chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is suggested that woodchuck hepatitis virus is a second member of a novel class of viruses represented by the human hepatitis B virus.

Summers J., Smolec J.M., Werner B.J., Kelly T.J. & Snyder R.L. 1980. Hepatitis B virus and woodchuck hepatitis virus are members of a novel class DNA viruses [Le virus de l'hépatite B et le virus de l'hépatite de la marmotte des bois appartiennent à une nouvelle classe de virus ADN]. Cold Spring Harbor Conferences on Cell Proliferation VII, Viruses in naturally occuring tumors, New York, Cold Spring Harbor Press, 469-470.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, modèle, model, parasitologie, parasitology, virus.
Sumner Perry 1997. Wildlife profiles. Woodchuck, Marmota monax. Division of Conservation Education, N.C. WildlifeResources Commission.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, États-Unis d'Amérique, North Carolina.
Sung W., Changlin Z. & Kobayashi T. 1989. A tentative list of threatened rodents in China and Japan with notes on their distribution, habitat and status [Liste provisoire de rongeurs menacés en Chine et au Japon avec des notes sur leur répartition, habitat et état]. In Rodents. A world survey of species of conservation concern, Lidicker W.Z. Ed., 42-44, Occasional paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commision, Iucn, Gland.
En anglais, in English.
Rodentia, conservation, Chine, China, Japon.
Suntsov (Sountsof) V.V. 1981. [Structure territoriale de la population et relations intraspécifiques de Marmota sibirica dans le Touva. Territorial structure of the population and intraspecies relations of Mongolian Bobaks (Marmota sibirica) in Tuva]. Zool. J., SUN, 60(9): 1394-1405.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, écologie, ecology, éthologie, ethology, spatial, population, Russie, Russia, Touva.
The structure of population, pattern of utilization of the territory and interrelations of Mongolian bobaks (Marmota sibirica Radde) were studied in 1976-1980 in the Tuva (suslik) plague natural focus. Two types of families stable and unstable, were isolated. The stable families were characterized by the constant high numbers (7 to 13, up to 18), less intensive alternation of the composition, long-term existence, larger territories (up to 5.2 hectars). The complexes of stable and unstable families constitute the colonies the stability of which depends on the ratio of these types of families in them. The interrelations of animals are peaceful. The aggressive acts were noted in males from the unstable families. The integrity of familial groups is maintained by mechanisms of individualization of the territory: in the complex stable families - by the high degree of territory marking (in particular, visual and auditory), in the unstable families - by specific behavioural reactions (in particular, aggressive behaviour).

Suntsov V.V. 1982. Ekologiya tarbagana v touve [Écologie de la marmotte tarbagan de Touva. Ecology of the tarbagan marmot in Tuva]. Avtoref. kand. Diss. M, pp. 163.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, écologie, ecology, Russie, Russia, Touva, Tuva.
Suntsov V.V. & V.YU. Rumiantsev (Roumiantsef) 1993. K metodike outcheta sourkov. [Méthode de dénombrement des marmottes. Counting method of marmots]. Abst. Intern. Conf. on marmots of the CIS-states, Gaidary, Ukraine, Moscow, 35-36.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, méthode, method, dénombrement, census.
Suntsov V.V., Rumiantsev V.Yu. & Gorbunov (Gorbounof) Yu.V. 1994. Spécificté actuelle des habiats de marmottes dans le sud de la Russie. Present specificity of marmot habitats in Southern Russia. Abstracts 2d Conf. Intern. Marmots, 144-145.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, habitat, anthropisation, Russie, Russia.
Marmota bobac, disappeared almost totally in the mid of XX century, became the background species again in some parts of Southern Russia (Voronezh and Rostov Regions) from the beginning of 70th, where the marmot colonized all habitats being favorable more or less: 1) retained natural steppe areas; 2) their pasturable modifications; 3) fields of food-grass and technical crops, in less degree-of wheat; 4) protective areas of some industrial objects; 5) deserted villages and borderlands of habitable ones. All those types of habitats, except for the first one constituting only about 1% of total area, are connected with anthropogenic elements of landscape. The type 2 -main present type of marmot's habitat-cover about 20% of the areal, is populated with high density-0.75 30% families/ 1ha, as well as the type 1. The type 3 is populated with the density of about 10 times lower in average, but total amount of marmots is big because of the fields great area (about 65% of total area). The types 4, 5 are often populated more of 1.5-2 times than natural habitats due to favourable conditions regarding to the food and refuges.

Suntsov V.V., Rumiantsev V.Yu. & Gorbunov Yu.V. 1996. Spécificité des habitats actuels de marmottes en Russie méridionale. Current specificity of marmot habitats in Southern Russia. In Biodiversité chez les marmottes /Biodiversity in marmots, Le Berre M., Ramousse R. & Le Guelte L. eds., International Marmot Network, 71-72.
En français et en anglais, in French and in English.
Marmota bobac, habitat, anthropisation.
Marmota bobac, rare au milieu du 20ème sièclz, est redevenu plus fréquente dans le Sud de la Russie, où elle a colonisé : 1) les zones steppiques naturelles (1% de la surface totale), et 2) steppes modifiées par le pastoralisme (20%), 3) champs cultivés (65%), 4) zones voisines des sites industriels, 5) villages désertés et bordures de villages habités. Sa densité est élevée dans le type 2, principal habitat, comme dans le 1, moindre dans le type 3 et supérieure dans les milieux 4 et 5 aux conditions plus favorables.
Marmota bobac, rare in the mid of 20th c., became frequent again in Southern parts of Russia, where it colonised: 1) natural steppes (1% of the total area); 2) their pasturable modifications (20%); 3) cultivated fields; 4) protective areas of industrial sites; 5) deserted villages and borders of habitable ones. Marmot density is important in the type 2, main present marmot habitat, as well as in type 1, lower in type 3 and higher in types 4, 5 where conditions are more favourable.

Suntsov V.V. & Suntsova N.I. 1983. [Contacts animaux-terriers dans la population de tarbagan. Contacts "animal-nest" in tarbagan population]. V sborn. Okhrana, ratzional. ispolz. i ecologiya sourkov, M., 119-122.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota, terrier, burrow.
Suntsov V.V. & Suntsova N.I. 1991. Prostranstvennaya strouktoura tarbagana v Touve [Structure spatiale chez la marmotte tarbagan du Touva. Spatial structure of the tarbagan in Tuva]. In Population structure of the marmot, Bibikov D.I., A.A. Nikolski, V.Yu. Rumiantsev & T.A. Seredneva eds., Proc. USSR Theriol. Soc., 217-232.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, habitat, Touva, Russie, Russia.
Suntsov V.V. & Suntsova N.I. 2000. [Aspects écologiques de l’évolution du microbe de la peste Yersinia pestis et de la genèse des réservoirs naturels. Ecological aspects of evolution of the plague microbe Yersinia pestis and genesis of natural reservoirs]. Izv. Akad. Nauk. Ser. Biol., (6):645-57.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, Oropsylla silantiewi, peste, plague, évolution, evolution, Pléistocène.
A new hypothesis of the origin of the plague microbe in the Mongolian bobak (Marmota sibirica Radde, 1862) populations in Central Asia during the Pleistocene is based on the ideas of its relative phylogenetic recency. The Late Pleistocene cooling, which induced a deep freezing of the grounds in southern Siberia, Mongolia, and Manchuria, is considered as an inducer of speciation. The main ecological factors of the plague microbe evolution include the species specific behavior of the Mongolian bobak during preparation to hibernation related to its occurrence in arid petrophytic landscapes and the larval parasitism of the flea Oropsylla silantiewi Wagn., 1898 in winter. Genesis of the plague foci is divided into two periods: natural-historical and biosocial. During the first period, the primari natural foci in Eurasia were formed and, during the second period, synanthropic (rat) and secondary natural foci appeared, with the participation of humans, in Africa, The New World, and on some tropical islands.

Suntsov V.V. & Suntsova N.I. 2002. Marmota sibirica, late Pleistocene climatic cold in Central Asia and origin of plague [Marmota sibirica, froid climatique de la fin du Pléistocène en Asie Centrale et origine de la peste]. In Marmots in Eurasian steppe biocenoses, Brandler O.V. & Dimitriev A.V. eds., Reports of the State nature reserve "Prisursky", Cheboksary-Moscow, 8: 59.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, peste, plague, Pléistocène, Pleistocene.
Suntsov V.V. & Suntsova N.I. 2005. Mongolian marmot (Marmota sibirica) and origin of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague infection. Mongol’skiï sourkov (Marmota sibirica) i proroiskhojdenie Yersinia pestis, vozbouditelya infektsii tchoumy. [La marmotte de Mongolie (Marmota sibirica) et origine de Yersinia pestis, agent causal de l’inction de la peste]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 112-113.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota sibirica, Yersinia pestis, peste, plague, Oropsylla silantiewi, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.
In 1894, at the beginning of the 3rd pandemic in Hong Kong, A. Yersin and Sh. Kitasato discovered the causative agent of plague, but it took almost 100 years more to unveil the first secrets of the origin of plague. In 1980 Bercovier, with co-authors, discovered that the homology between the genomes of Yersinia pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis was more than 90%. In 1999, Achtman, with co-authors, showed that these bacteria diverged between 20-1.5 thousand years ago, in the late Pleistocene-Holocene, thus providing support for the theory of the recent origin of plague. Skurnik et al. (2000) showed origin of Y. pestis from Y. pseudotuberculosis 0:1b. This serotype is common in northern parts of Asia and Far East (Fukushima et al., 1998, 2001). Thus, the origin of plague it is need to connect with 1) Y. pseudotuberculosis 0:1b, 2) cold climate of northern parts of Asia and/or Far East and 3) late Pleistocene-Holocene. We propose that plague originated in populations of the Mongolian marmot (Marmota sibirica) and its specific flea parasite, Oropsylla silantiewi, in Central Asia. Unlike other marmots, the Mongolian marmot lives under psychroarid conditions. Unlike other American and Eurasian marmots, the Mongolian marmot plugs the entrance of the burrow with a mixture of pebbles cemented by feces, which accumulate in special "toilet" chambers of the burrows. Marmots move this mixture using their mouths and feet, thus providing favourable conditions for the pseudotuberculosis microbe to travel from feces to mouth and enabling its continuous circulation in marmot populations. The specific parasitic flea O. silantiewi inhabits burrows of marmots; its imago can be found in burrows throughout the year. The parasitic behaviour of O. silantiewi larvae is facilitated by their positive thermotaxis in the temperature gradient present in the nests of hibernating marmots. Despite the similar seasonal fluctuations of 0. silantiewi on different species of marmots, only fleas infecting Mongolian marmots display unique the ecological adaptation of larval hemophagy. During hibernation some of the larvae move from the fur to the mouth of the marmot to feed on blood. With these facts in mind, it is possible to postulate the ecological events, which led to the transformation of pseudotuberculosis into plague in populations of the Mongolian marmot. During the late Pliocene-early Pleistocene, south Siberia and central Asia had a dry, warm climate and were covered by savanna-like landscapes. Due to the arid climate, M. sibirica originated in mountain regions and developed the specific burrow-plugging behaviour in winter, thus enabling the favourable conditions for the circulation of pseudotuberculosis microbe from feces to mouth. Throughout the Pleistocene, the climate of Siberia and central Asia became more continental. The January isotherm -20" C shifted from the Polar Regions to the center of Asia as far as Mongolia. About 22-15 thousand years ago, in the late Pleistocene (Sartan time), the temperature dropped to extremely low levels. In an ecological response to these conditions, flea larvae shifted to facultative hemophagy and the pseudotuberculosis microbe had the opportunity to invade the cold blood of the sleeping Mongolian marmot by traumatic means, enabling this morphogenesis.

Russian PDF russe
Suntsova N.A., Gazizov V.Z., Plotnikov I.A. & Fedoseeva G.A. 2005. The age-related characteristics of lymphoid tissue in the intestinal wall of bobak marmot. Osobennosti limfoidnoïtkani stenki kichetchika ou stepnogo sourka vvozrastnom aspekte. [Caractéristiques liées à l’âge du tissu lymphoïde de la paroi intestinale de la marmotte bobak]. Abstracts of 5th International Conference on Genus Marmota, Tashkent, 114-115.
En russe et en anglais, in Russian and in English.
Marmota bobak, intestin intestine, systÀme immunitaire, immune system.
Lymphoid tissue of the intestinal wall is an integral part of the single immune system of mucosa (SISM) and is the first to provide immune defense to the organism when contacting with chymus. During the work there was studied lyrnphoid tissue of the intestinal wall (Peyer's patches and single lymphoidnodules) in an herbivorous representative of the Order Rodents - steppe marmot - aged 1.5 years and 8-10 years. This study showed that a total area of intestines in 1.5 year old animals was 944.28 ± 77.97 cm2 on the average. This is 44.6 % less than in animals aged 8-10 years (1365.89 ± 69.34 cm2). Lyrnphoid tissue of the intestinal wall is represented by single lymphoid nodules, which appear as lymphoid patches. In the 1.5 year old marmots their total number was 84.5 ± 3.53, in older marmots -78.2 ± 7.88. A total number of lyrnphoid nodules in lymphoid patches decrease with the age from 1767.12 ± 114.68 to 1079.88 ± 106.44. A majority of lymphoid patches of the small intestine is located in the wall of jejunum. The animals of different ages have almost the same number of the lyrnphoid patches - 16.45, on the average. Despite it, number of lymphoid nodules in the lymphoid patches in the small intestine of marmots aged 1.5 year and those aged 8-10 years, was considerably different. ln young animals an average number of lymphoid nodules in one lymphoid patch made up 34.47 ± 3.25, while that in the marmots of older age made up 20.17 ±. 77. A maximum number of Peyer's patches in the large intestine were detected in crassum. In the 1.5 year old animals and mature animals it was practically at the same level: 44.33 ± 4.0 and 41.00 ± 5.17, respectively. Number of lyrnphoid nodules in lymphoid patches of young animals was, for certain, 65 percent more compared with 8-10 year old marmots and made up 742.75 ± 65.54 and 486.50 ± 60.28, respectively. Therefore, decrease in the quantity of lyrnphoid nodules is observed, though an amount of lyrnphoid patches remaining stable.

Russian PDF russe
Suntzova N.I. & Suntzov V.V. 1983. [Groupes de puces intrapopulation d'Oropsylla silantiewi Wagn., 1898 dans les domaines familiaux de Marmota sibirica. Intrapopulation groups of fleas Oropsylla silantiewi Wagn., 1898 on families area of Marmota sibirica]. J. Mikrobiolog., epidemiol. i immunologii, 12: 97-98.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, puces, fleas, groupe familial, home range.
Suntzova N.I. & Suntzov V.V. 1984. [Faune et caractéristiques de la répartition des puces dans les installations de marmottes tarbagan du sud-ouest du Touva. Fauna and features of distribution of fleas in tarbagan's settlements in South-West of Tuva]. Tez. dokl. vsesoyusn. nauh. konf. specialistov protivotchoumn. ouchezhd, Irkoutsk, 1: 107-108.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota sibirica, puces, fleas, Touva, Tuva.
Suslov (Souslof) S.P. 1954. Fizitcheskaya geografiya SSSR [La géographie physique de l'URSS. Partie asiatique. Physical geography of USSR. Asiatic part]. Aziatskaya tchast'. Izd., 2, M., Outchpedgiz.
En russe, in Russian.
Géographie, geography, URSS, USSR.
Sustin (Soustin) V.P., Shevlyuk (Chevliouk) N.N. & Rudi (Roudi) V.N. 1996. Ekologogistofiziologiya yaitchnikov baïbaka (K voprosou o razmnojenii v Orenbourgskoï oblasti) [Écohistophysiologie des testicules de marmotte bobac. Ecohistophysiology of the testes of the bobac marmot]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 79-80.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, histologie, histology, reproduction, testicules, testes.
Sustin V.P., Shevlyuk N.N., Stradnikov A.A., Rudi V.N. & Semchenko Yu.P. 1996. Nekotorye morfofounktsional'nye kharakteristiki nadpotchetchikov baïbaka i ikh svyaz' s sostoyaniem strouktour gonad (po dannym iz Orenbourgskoï oblasti) [Quelques caractéristiques morpho-fonctionnelles des surrénales de marmotte bobac et leur liaison avec l'état structurel des gonades. Some morphofunctional characteristics of the adrenals of the bobac marmot and their relation with the structural status of the gonads]. In Sourki severnoï evrazii: sokhranenie biologitcheskogo raznoobrazniya [Marmots of Northern Eurasia: the biodiversity saving], Rumiantsev V.Y. ed., International Marmots Network Publication, Moscow, ABF, 80-81.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota bobac, histologie, histology, reproduction, gonades, gonads.
Suvorov (Souvorof) A.P. 1986. O rasprostranenii tchernchapotchnogo sourka v severnom Pribaïka'e [Sur la répartition de la marmotte à tête noire de la région nord autour du Baïkal. On the distribution of the black-capped marmot in the north region around Baikal]. Materialy IV svezda Vses. teriol. o-va, 3: 216-218.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, répartition, distribution, Baïkal, Baikal.
Svanbaev S.K. 1963. [Coccidia de Marmota menzbieri (Kaschkarov, 1925). Coccidia of Marmota menzbieri (Kaschkarov, 1925)]. Tr. In-ta zool. AN Kaz. SSR, Alma-Ata, 19: 51-54.
En russe, in Russian.
Protozoaires, Protozoa, Marmota menzbieri.
Svanbaev S.K. 1963. [Une nouvelle espèce de Coccidia chez la marmotte de Menzbier. A new species of Coccidia reported from Menzbier's marmot (Marmota Menzbieri Kaschkarov,1925)].
En russe, in Russian.
Zool. Journal, 43(5).
Marmota menzbieri, Protozoaires, Protozoa.
Svanbaev S.K. 1964. [Coccidia des mammifères sauvages du Kazakhstan. Coccidia of wild mammalia in Kazakhstan]. V kn. Prirodno ochagov. bolezni i voprosy parazitologii, Mater. V konf. Frounze, 4: 201-203.
En russe, in Russian.
Mammifères sauvages, wild Mammals, Protozoaires, Protozoa, Kazakhstan.
Svanbaev S.K., Rakhmatullina N.K. & Kapitonov V.I. 1969. [Les Coccidia des marmottes du Kazakhstan. The coccidia of marmots in Kazakhstan]. In booc: Vsesouz. konf. po prirodn. ochagovosti boleznei i obchsim voprosam parasitol. jivotnykh, Tashkent-Samarkand: 7.
En russe, in Russian.
Protozoaires, Protozoa, Marmota, Kazakhstan.
Svatosh (Svatoch) Z.M. 1926a. O tchernoshapotchnom sourke [Sur la marmotte à tête noire. On the black-capped marmot]. V kn. Sobolinykh promysel na poberejie Baïkala, Irkoutsk.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota camtschatica, marmotte à tête noire, black-capped marmot
Svatosh Z.M. 1926b. Tarbagan. Zayats [La marmotte tarbagan. Lièvre. The tarbagan marmot. Hare]. V kn. Sobolinyj promysel na severo-vostotchnom poberejie Baïkala, gl. U. Mat-ly Bargouzinskoï ekspetsitsii 1914-1915 gg. Verkhneudinsk L.
Svatosh Z.F. 1926. Marmota doppelmayri Biroul. In Materials of Bargouzin expedition of G.G. Doppelmair in 1914-1915, Verkhneudinsk-Leningrad, 172-176.
En russe, in Russian.
Marmota doppelmayri.
Svendsen GE 1973. Behavioral and environmental factors in the spatial distribution and population dynamics of a yellow-bellied marmot population [Facteurs comportementaux et environnementaux dans la répartition spatiale et la dynamique des populations d'une population de marmottes à ventre jaune]. University of Kansas. 93 p.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, comportement, behaviour, dynamique des populations, population dynamics.
Svendsen G.E. 1974. Behavioral and environnemental factors in the spatial distribution and population dynamics of a yellow-bellied marmot population [Facteurs comportementaux et de milieu de la répartion spatiale et dynamique des populations d'une population de marmottes à ventre jaune]. Ecology, 55 : 760-771.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, écologie, ecology, éthologie, ethology, population, Amérique du Nord, North America, États-Unis d'amérique, United States of America, Colorado, Gunnison.
Behavioral and environmental factors in the spatial distribution and population dynamics of a yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris) population were studied in 197l and 1972 in Gunnison Co., Colorado. Yellow-bellied marmots are generally considered to be colonial; however, this, is not their only option, depending upon the marmots' behavioral profile and the size and composition of the habitat. Of the adult-yearling group 75% lived as members of colonies, 16% lived at satellite sites, and 8% were transients. Satellite sites differed from colonies mainly in size and topographic diversity; they may be considered minihabitats, with the most limited resource being burrow sites. Marmots can be classified, by means of mirror-image stimulation (MIS), as aggressive, social, and avoider. Aggressive females tended to occupy small harems at large sites, or to live as solitary individuals regardless of the size of the site. Social females occured primarily at large sites, in harems. Avoider females lived in peripheral burrows at colonies, or in satellite sites. All behavioral types reproduced successfully, but reproductive fitness was correlated with social stucture. Aggressive females were most fit in small harems or at satellite sites, whereas social females were most fit in large social groups. Avoiders were least fit in all social situations. Data presently available fails to show that the behavioral profile of the female is reflected in the social tendencies of her young. In general, social behavior is a major factor affecting the distribution and dynamics of populations of yellow-bellied marmots, but dispersion is also related to ther distribution of suitable habitat.

Svendsen G.E. 1976. Structure and location of burrows of yellow-bellied marmot [Structure et localisation des terriers de la marmotte à ventre jaune]. S. West. Naturalist, 20 : 487-494.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, éthologie, ethology, terrier, burrow, écologie, ecology.
The yellow-bellied marmot spends approximately 80% of its life in a burrow. Burrows provide protection from the rigors of the environment, predators and other marmots. They provide a hibernaculum in winter and may function as a nursery in summer. Selection of a burrow site is therefore an important aspect in the biology of marmots. Measurements were made on direction of exposure, angle of slope, drainage, soil type, topographic features, and vegetation. Home burrows occur on open grassy of herb-covered slopes of an angle of 15 -40 , facing in a northeasterly or southwesterly direction, and containing rocks and boulders. The latter support the burrow and serve as sunning and observation sites. Five dissected home-burrows showed no marked differences in general configuration.

Svendsen G.E. & Armitage K.B. 1973. Mirror-image stimulation applied to field behavioral studies [Stimulation par l'image du miroir appliquée à des études de terrain]. Ecology, 54 : 623-627.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota flaviventris, éthologie, ethology, méthode, method, social.
Twenty-nine adult and yearling marmots were exposed to mirror-image stimulation. Marmots interacted intensely with their image, and the frequency of occurrences of 22 behaviors was recorded. The four factors extracted from the behavioral data by factor analysis accounted for 88% of the total variance. Three factors were interpretable and designated "approach", "avoidance" and "sociability". Behavioral patterns were stable over time and repeatable. A plot of "avoidance" against "sociability" provides a visualization of the numerical behavioral profile of each animal which is consistent with and interpretable in terms of behavioral patterns observed in the field.

Swaisgood R.R., Owings D.H. & Rowe M.P. 1999. Conflict and assessment in a predator-prey system: ground squirrels versus rattlesnakes [Conflit et &évaluation d'un sytème proie-prédateur : écureuil terrestres et serpents à sonnette]. Animal behaviour, 5: 1033-1044.
En anglais, in English.
Sciuridae, proie, prey, prédateur.
Swanson 1945.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, États-Unis d'Amérique, Vermont, Marmota monax rufescens, États-Unis d'Amérique, Minnesota, Marmota monax rufescens, États-Unis d'Amérique, Wisconsin.
Swanson M. 1996. Antlion Pit: The Gold-Digging "Ant-Lions" of India [Le cratère des fourmis-lions : les fourmis-lions fouisseusent d'or de l'Inde]. En ligne /On line, http://www.antlionpit.com/goldding.html
En anglais, in English.
Fourmis, ants, marmottes, marmots, mythe, myth, Hérodote, Herodotus.
Extrait pdf Extract
Swarth H.S. 1911. Two new species of marmots from Northwestern America. [Deux nouvelles espèces de marmottes de l'Amérique du nord-est]. University of California Publications in Zoology. 7: 201-204.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax ochracea, États-Unis d'Amérique, Alaska, Marmota vancouverensis, taxonomie, taxonomy, Canada, British Columbia, Mount Douglas, Vancouver Island, Marmota monax ochracea.
Smaller, more ochraceous, particularly the tail. Yukon and nothwestern British Columbia.
Marmota ochracea, p. 203, Forty-mile Creek, Alaska.

Swarth H.S. 1912. Report on a collection of birds and mammals from Vancouver Island [Rapport sur une collection d'oiseaux et de mammifères de l'île de Vancouver]. University of California Publications in Zoology, 10: 1-124 (89-90).
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammals, Oiseaux, birds, Marmota vancouverensis, Canada, Colombie Britannique.
Swarth H.S. 1 1936. Mammals of the Atlin region, northwestern British Columbia [Mammifères de la région d'Atlin, nord-ouest de Colombie Britannique]. Journal of Mammalogy,17:398-405.
En anglais, in English.
Mammifères, Mammals, British Columbia, Canada.
Sweet J.E. & W.G. Hoskins 1940. Androgen in the woodchuck hibernating gland. [Les androgènes dans la glande d'hibernation de la marmotte des bois]. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 45 : 60-62.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, physiology, endocrinologie, endocrinology, glande, gland.
Swenk M. H. 1938. Distribution of Marmota monax in the Missouri River region [Répartition de Marmota monax dans la région du Missouri]. J. Mamm., 19:348-353.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax bunkeri, États-Unis d'Amérique, Kansas, Nebraska, Marmota monax canadensis, États-Unis d'Amérique, North Dakota, Vermont, Marmota monax monax, États-Unis d'Amérique, Iowa, Marmota monax rufescens, États-Unis d'Amérique, North Dakota.
Swerczek T.W. & Helmboldt C.F. 1970. Cerebrospinal nematodiasis in groundhogs (Marmota monax) [Nématodiase cérébrospinale chez les marmottes communes d'Amérique (Marmota monax)]. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 157 : 671-674.br> En anglais, in English.
Parasitisme, parasitism, Marmota monax, marmotte commune d'Amérique.
Swiderski D.L., Zelditch M.L. & Fink W.L. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis of skull shape evolution in marmotine squirrels using landmarks and thin-plate splines. Hystrix (N.S.), 11(1): 49-76.
En anglais, in English.
Phylogenèse, phylogenesis, crâne, skull.
Swihart R.K. 1982. Scansorial behavior in woodchucks, Marmota monax [Comportement grimpeur des marmottes, M. monax]. Canad. Field-Nat., 96(2): 215-216.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, activité.
Swihart R.K. 1989. Understanding behavior and ecology to reduce woodchuck damage [Comprendre le comportement et l'écologie pour réduire les dommages causés par la marmotte des bois]. Frontiers of Plant Science, 41(2): 5-6.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, végétation, vegetation, gestion, management.
Swihart R.K. 1990. Common components of orchard ground cover selected as food by captive woodchucks [Composants communs de la couverture du sol des vergers sélectionnés comme nourriture par des marmottes des bois captives]. J. Wildl. Manage., 54 (3) : 412-417.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, alimentation, foraging, gestion, management.
I examined diet selection by captive woodchucks (Marmota monax) for 20 species of plants commonly found in ground cover in Connecticut orchards. Cafeteria-style feeding trials indicated that the most frequently selected foods were dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) and common plantain (Plantago major), whereas orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata). Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), and common toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) were selected least often. Sequential elimination of the most frequently selected foods resulted in increas use of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), campion (Lychnis alba), red clover (Trifolium pratense), aster (Aster vimineus), poison ivy (Rhus radicans,), common strawberry (Fragaria virginiana), old-field cinquefoil (Potentilla simplex), bird vetch (Vicia cracca), and goldenrod (Solidago rugosa). Management of ground cover to reduce the abundance of plant species selected by woodchucks might reduce woodchuck numbers and the problems they cause.

Swihart R.K. 1991a. Modifying scent-marking behavior to reduce woodchuck damage to fruit trees [Modifier le comportement de marquage olfactif pour réduire les dommages causés par les marmottes des bois aux arbres fruitiers]. Ecol. Appl., 1(1): 98-103.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, marquage, marking, olfaction, gestion, management.
Woodchucks (Marmota monax) damage fruit trees by gnawing on main stems during scent marking, a behavior unrelated to feeding. I tested whether damage could be reduced by providing alternative sites for scent marking or by applying predator odor to trees. Nearly all hardwood stakes supplied as alternative sites for scent marking were used, and the elapsed time from activation of a burrow until onset of damage to an adjacent tree was significantly greater for sites with stakes. However, the mean level of damage to trees was not significantly reduced. Impregnating hardwood stakes with sodium chloride increased their use as gnawing sites relative to untreated stakes, presumably due to dietay sodium deficits incurred by woodchucks during spring. Use of NaCl-treated stakes did not reduce damage to adjacent trees, however. Application of a predator odor, bobcat urine, as a topical spray reduced mean levels of gnawing by 98.3% relative to untreated trees, and placement of bobcat urine in capillary tubes at the bases of trees also resulted in significant reductions in damage over a 3-mo period.

Swihart R.K. 1991b. Influence of Marmota monax on vegetation in hayfields [Influence de Marmota monax sur la végétation des champs de fauche]. J. Mammal., 72: 791-795.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, gestion, végétation, vegetation, Connecticut, États-Unis d'Amérique.
Examination of vegetation around 29 woodchuck (Marmota monax) burrows in two hayfields in Connecticut revealed that grass biomass decreased, and forb biomass increased, as a function of distance from burrows. In addition, orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) <2 m from burrows was more lush and exhibited significantly greater levels of crude protein than orchard grass 15 m away. Over an entire field, woodchucks caused an increase in biomass of orchard grass an average of 7.4% and reduced the biomass of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) by 2.5%. Differential selection of orchard grass and alfalfa as food, release of grass from competition with alfalfa, and enhanced Levels of nitrogen from feces all were plausible factors responsible for the distance-dependent differences in growth of vegetation.

Swihart R.K. 1992. Home-range attributes and spatial structure of woodchuck populations [Caractéristiques des domaines vitaux et structure spatiale des populations de marmottes des bois]. J. Mamm., 73(3): 604-618.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, éthologie, ethology, spatial, terrier, burrow, domaine vital, home range, Amérique du Nord, États-unis d'Amérique, Connecticut.
Movements and patterns of burrow use by woodchucks (Marmota monax) in two Connecticut orchards were determined from 734 captures of 273 individuals and l,213 radio locations of 46 individuals. All data were collected after the breeding season. Adults occupying home ranges used an average of eight burrow systems; males occupied home ranges l.8 times larger than females. Burrow systems were located disproportionately often along woodland edges and brushy fence rows, and use of these areas was two-three times greater than expected based on their availability. Populations were loosely structured spatially. Territoriality may occur at occupied burrows. Although rare, simultaneous use of a burrow usually involved an adult male and a reproductive female. Overlap of home ranges of reproductive females and males was relatively large (36%). Although woodchucks are less social than other marmots, data from this and other recent studies lead me to suggest that a limited amount of social cohesion or tolerance may extend beyond the periods of breeding and weaning. I hypothesize that the prevailing social structure of woodchucks may partly reflect phenotypic responses to a diffuse distribution of resources engendered by the agricultural activities of humans.

Swihart R.K. & M.R. Conover 1988. Strategies for reducing wildlife damage in orchards [Stratégies pour réduire les dégâts causés par la vie sauvage dans les vergers]. Conn. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull., 855 : 14pp.
En anglais, in English.
Écologie, ecology, gestion, management.
Swihart R.K. & M.R. Conover 1991. Responses of woodchucks to potential garden crop repellents [Réactions des marmottes des bois aux répulsifs potentiels des récoltes des jardins]. J. Wildl. Manage., 55: 177-181.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, gestion, management, végétation, vegetation, États-Unis d'Amérique, Connecticut.
We conducted feeding trials with captive woodchucks (Marmota monax) to determine whether commercial repellents registered for use on edible crops (Hot Sauce Animal Repellent, Hinder), insecticides (Cygon, Sevin), or an emetic agent, emetine dihydrochloride, reduced consumption of plants grown in gardens. Application of Hot Sauce Animal Repellent on leaves of acorn and zucchini squash did not reduce consumption relative to pretreatment levels, and Hinder, Cygon, and Sevin were ineffective in reducing consumption of Romaine lettuce by woodchucks. When woodchucks were presented with 6 wild forage species as well as butternut squash leaves or Romaine lettuce, they reduced their consumption of Hinder-treated squash leaves but not Hinder-treated lettuce. Relative to the alternative forage species, butternut squash ranked low in palatability and Romaine lettuce ranked high; thus, a negative association existed between the effectiveness of Hinder and the relative palatability of the target species. Injection of cherry tomatoes with emetine dihydrochloride significantly reduced consumption after ll days, and woodchucks subsequently generalized their conditioned aversion to untreated tomatoes for a 3-week period.

Swihart R.K. & P.M. Picone 1991a. Arboreal foraging and palability of tree leaves to woodchucks [Alimention arborée et palabilité des feuilles des arbres pour les marmottes des bois]. Am. Midl. Nat., 125: 372-374.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, alimentation, foraging, gestion, management, végétation, vagetation.
We observed several instances of consumption of tree leaves by woodchucks (Marmota monax). Leaves of hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), Norway maple (Acer platanoides), peach (Prunus persica) and red mulberry (Morus rubra) were eaten. A comparison of the palatability of leaves to that of five species of common ground-cover vegetation indicated that leaves of red mulberry were highly palatable to woodchucks, whereas leaves of Norway maple were unpalatable. Peach and hackberry leaves were low to intermediate in palatability relative to the other species tested, Nearly alI previous reports of woodchucks climbing trees were attributed to predator avoidance or to sunning/resting behavior. Our results suggest that tree climbing by woodchucks also occurs because of dietary considerations.

Swihart R.K. & P.M. Picone 1991b. Effects of woodchuck activity on woody plants near burrows. [Effets de l'activité des marmottes des bois sur les plantes ligneuses proches des terriers]. J. Mammal., 72: 607-611.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, gestion, management, végétation, vegetation, Connecticut, États-Unis d'Amérique.
The relationship between woodchuck (Marmota monax) activity and characteristics of woody plants was examined at two woodlands in Connecticut. Areas within 3 m of main burrow entrances were characterized by a lower number of live stems and greater mortality of stems than were areas of the same size located l3 m from burrows. These and other differences were not related to either plant age or edaphic or light characteristics. We attribute the observed vegetation changes to behaviors associated with burrowing and scent marking by woodchucks, and conclude that woodchucks in wooded areas can promote localized, long-term changes in the abundance, and possibly the distribution, of woody plants.

Swihart R.K. & P.M. Picone 1994. Damage to apple trees associated with woodchuck burrows in orchards [Dégâts causés aux pommiers proches des terriers des marmottes des bois dans les vergers]. J. Wildl. Manange., 58(2): 357-360.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, gestion, management, végétation, Connecticut, États-Unis d'Amérique.
Wildlife damage to apple trees causes significant production losses in the United states. To determine whether woodchuck (Marmota monax) activity was associated with reduced apple production, we quantified damage to apple trees growing 3/ha.

Sychevskaya V.I. 1970. [Zonal distribution of coprophilous and necrophilous flies (Diptera) in Middle Asia. Répartition zonale de mouches coprophiles et nécrophiles (Diptera) en Asie Centrale].
Ent. Obozr., 49 : 819-931.
En russe avec résumé anglaise, in Russian with English summary. English transaltion in Ent. Rev. Wash., 49 : 498-505.
Marmota bobak, Marmota caudata, Insecta, Diptera, fèces, excrement, Pamir, Tien Chan, Tien Shan.
Sychevskaya V.I. & Vtorov P.P. 1969. Synanthropic flies (Diptera) from mountain Kirghizia [Mouches synanthropiques (Diptera) des montagnes de Kirghizie]. Ent. Obozr., 48: 816-830.
En russe, in Russian, traduction anglaise, English translation Ent. Rev. Wash., 48: 518-527).
Marmota bobak, Marmota caudata aurea, Insecta, Diptera, terrier, burrow, Kirghizie, Kirghizia.
Syrvacheva N.G. 1964. [Données sur la faune des puces de la RSSA de Kabardino-Balkarian. Data on the flea fauna of Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR]. Proc. Armen Anti-Plague Station, 3: 389-405.
En russe, in Russian.
Puces, fleas, République socialiste soviétique autonome, Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Syroetchkovskii E.E., Rogachyova E.V. 1975. [Particularités de la faune du Kazakhstan et d'Asie centrale en relation avec les caractéistiques et l'histoire du milieu. Kazakhstan and Central Asia typical features of the fauna in relation to features and the history of Environments]. The Fauna in the USSR. The Geography of Resources, Moscow: Mysl' Publishers, 223-226.
Faune, fauna, Kazakhstan.
Szenassy B. 1934. Havasi marmotak az Alacsony-Tatran. Vadaszlap, 8 (11) : 2-4.
Marmota marmota, Tatras, Slovaquie, Slovakia.
Szilagy J.E. & Senturia J.B. 1974. Erythrocyte changes in the hibernating woodchuck (Marmota monax) [Changements des éryhtrocytes chez les marmottes des bois hibernantes]. Cryobiology, 11 : 478-481.
En anglais, in English.
Marmota monax, physiologie, pysiology, hibernation, sang, blood.